10 - The p-Block Elements Group 13 (Boron Family)

10.0. Introduction

10.1 General Introduction – Electronic Configuration, Atomic Radii, Ionization Enthalpy, Electro Negativity; Physical & Chemical Properties.

10.1 General Introduction – Electronic Configuration, Atomic Radii, Ionization Enthalpy, Electro Negativity; Physical & Chemical Properties.

10.1 General Introduction – Electronic Configuration, Atomic Radii, Ionization Enthalpy, Electro Negativity; Physical & Chemical Properties.

10.2 Important Trends and Anomalous Properties of Boron

10.3 Some Important Compounds of Boron – Borax, Ortho Boric Acid, Diborane

10.4 Uses of Boron, Aluminum and Their Compounds

1 - Atomic Structure

1.0. Introduction

1.1. Sub- Atomic Particles

1.2. Atomic Models- Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom

1.3. Developments to the Bohr’s Model of Atom

1.3.1 Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation

1.3.2 Particle Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation- Planck’s Quantum Theory

1.3.3. Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom

1.4.1 Explanation of Line Spectrum of Hydrogen

1.4.2. Limitations of Bohr’s Model

1.5. Quantum Mechanical Considerations of Sub Atomic Particles

1.5.1 Dual behavior of Matter.

1.5.2 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

1.6. Quantum Mechanical Model of an Atom. Important Features of Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom

1.6. Quantum Mechanical Model of an Atom. Important Features of Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom

1.6.1 Orbitals and Quantum Numbers

1.6.2 Shapes of Atomic Orbitals

1.6.3 Energies of Orbitals

1.6.4 Filling of Orbitals in atoms. Aufbau Principle, Pauli’s exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity

1.6.4 Filling of Orbitals in atoms. Aufbau Principle, Pauli’s exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity

1.6.5 Electronic Configurations of Atoms

1.6.6 Stability of Half Filled and Completely Filled Orbitals

2 - Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

2.1. Need to Classify Elements

2.2. Genesis of Periodic Classification

2.3. Modern Periodic Law and Present Form of the Periodic Table

2.4. Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Number Greater Than 100

2.5. Electronic Configuration of Elements and the Periodic Table

2.6 Electronic Configuration and Types of Elements s,p,d. and f blocks

2.6 Electronic Configuration and Types of Elements s,p,d. and f blocks

2.6 Electronic Configuration and Types of Elements s,p,d. and f blocks

2.6 Electronic Configuration and Types of Elements s,p,d. and f blocks

2.7.1 Trends in Physical Properties

(a) Atomic Radius

(b) Ionic Radius

(c)Variation of Size in Inner Transition Elements

(d) Ionization Enthalpy

(e) Electron Gain Enthalpy

(f) Electronegativity

2.7.2. Periodic Trends in Chemical Properties

(a) Valence or Oxidation States

(b) Anomalous Properties of Second Period Elements – Diagonal Relationship

(b) Anomalous Properties of Second Period Elements – Diagonal Relationship

2.7.3 Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactivity

3 -Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

3.1. Kossel–Lewis approach to Chemical Bonding

3.2. Ionic or Electrovalent Bond - Factors favorable for the Formation of Ionic Compounds - Crystal Structure of Sodium Chloride - General Properties of Ionic Compounds

3.2. Ionic or Electrovalent Bond - Factors favorable for the Formation of Ionic Compounds - Crystal Structure of Sodium Chloride - General Properties of Ionic Compounds

3.2. Ionic or Electrovalent Bond - Factors favorable for the Formation of Ionic Compounds - Crystal Structure of Sodium Chloride - General Properties of Ionic Compounds

3.2. Ionic or Electrovalent Bond - Factors favorable for the Formation of Ionic Compounds - Crystal Structure of Sodium Chloride - General Properties of Ionic Compounds

3.3. Bond Parameters – Bond Length, Bond Angle, Bond Enthalpy, Bond Order, Resonance - Polarity of Bonds, Dipole Moment

3.3. Bond Parameters – Bond Length, Bond Angle, Bond Enthalpy, Bond Order, Resonance - Polarity of Bonds, Dipole Moment

3.3. Bond Parameters – Bond Length, Bond Angle, Bond Enthalpy, Bond Order, Resonance - Polarity of Bonds, Dipole Moment

3.3. Bond Parameters – Bond Length, Bond Angle, Bond Enthalpy, Bond Order, Resonance - Polarity of Bonds, Dipole Moment

3.3. Bond Parameters – Bond Length, Bond Angle, Bond Enthalpy, Bond Order, Resonance - Polarity of Bonds, Dipole Moment

3.3. Bond Parameters – Bond Length, Bond Angle, Bond Enthalpy, Bond Order, Resonance - Polarity of Bonds, Dipole Moment

3.4 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theories. Predicting the Geometry of Simple Molecules

3.4 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theories. Predicting the Geometry of Simple Molecules

3.4.1. Valence Bond Theory - Orbital Overlap Concept - Directional Properties of Bonds - Overlapping of Atomic Orbitals Strength of Sigma and Pi Bonds - Factors favoring the Formation of Covalent Bonds

3.4.1. Valence Bond Theory - Orbital Overlap Concept - Directional Properties of Bonds - Overlapping of Atomic Orbitals Strength of Sigma and Pi Bonds - Factors favoring the Formation of Covalent Bonds

3.4.1. Valence Bond Theory - Orbital Overlap Concept - Directional Properties of Bonds - Overlapping of Atomic Orbitals Strength of Sigma and Pi Bonds - Factors favoring the Formation of Covalent Bonds

3.4.1. Valence Bond Theory - Orbital Overlap Concept - Directional Properties of Bonds - Overlapping of Atomic Orbitals Strength of Sigma and Pi Bonds - Factors favoring the Formation of Covalent Bonds

3.4.1. Valence Bond Theory - Orbital Overlap Concept - Directional Properties of Bonds - Overlapping of Atomic Orbitals Strength of Sigma and Pi Bonds - Factors favoring the Formation of Covalent Bonds

3.4.1. Valence Bond Theory - Orbital Overlap Concept - Directional Properties of Bonds - Overlapping of Atomic Orbitals Strength of Sigma and Pi Bonds - Factors favoring the Formation of Covalent Bonds

3.4.1. Valence Bond Theory - Orbital Overlap Concept - Directional Properties of Bonds - Overlapping of Atomic Orbitals Strength of Sigma and Pi Bonds - Factors favoring the Formation of Covalent Bonds

3.4.1. Valence Bond Theory - Orbital Overlap Concept - Directional Properties of Bonds - Overlapping of Atomic Orbitals Strength of Sigma and Pi Bonds - Factors favoring the Formation of Covalent Bonds

3.4.2. Hybridization - Different Types of Hybridization involving s, p and d Orbitals - Shapes of Simple Covalent Molecules

3.4.2. Hybridization - Different Types of Hybridization involving s, p and d Orbitals - Shapes of Simple Covalent Molecules

3.4.2. Hybridization - Different Types of Hybridization involving s, p and d Orbitals - Shapes of Simple Covalent Molecules

3.4.3. Coordinate Bond – Definition with Examples

3.4.3. Coordinate Bond – Definition with Examples

3.4.4. Molecular Orbital Theory – Formation of Molecular Orbitals, Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) - Conditions for Combination of Atomic Orbitals - Energy Level Diagrams for Molecular Orbitals - Bonding in Some Homo Nuclear Diatomic Molecules - H?,He?,Li?,B?,C?,N?,and O?

3.4.4. Molecular Orbital Theory – Formation of Molecular Orbitals, Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) - Conditions for Combination of Atomic Orbitals - Energy Level Diagrams for Molecular Orbitals - Bonding in Some Homo Nuclear Diatomic Molecules - H?,He?,Li?,B?,C?,N?,and O?

3.4.4. Molecular Orbital Theory – Formation of Molecular Orbitals, Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) - Conditions for Combination of Atomic Orbitals - Energy Level Diagrams for Molecular Orbitals - Bonding in Some Homo Nuclear Diatomic Molecules - H?,He?,Li?,B?,C?,N?,and O?

3.4.4. Molecular Orbital Theory – Formation of Molecular Orbitals, Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) - Conditions for Combination of Atomic Orbitals - Energy Level Diagrams for Molecular Orbitals - Bonding in Some Homo Nuclear Diatomic Molecules - H?,He?,Li?,B?,C?,N?,and O?

3.4.4. Molecular Orbital Theory – Formation of Molecular Orbitals, Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) - Conditions for Combination of Atomic Orbitals - Energy Level Diagrams for Molecular Orbitals - Bonding in Some Homo Nuclear Diatomic Molecules - H?,He?,Li?,B?,C?,N?,and O?

3.4.4. Molecular Orbital Theory – Formation of Molecular Orbitals, Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) - Conditions for Combination of Atomic Orbitals - Energy Level Diagrams for Molecular Orbitals - Bonding in Some Homo Nuclear Diatomic Molecules - H?,He?,Li?,B?,C?,N?,and O?

3.4.5. Hydrogen Bonding - Cause of Formation of Hydrogen Bond - Types of Hydrogen Bonds - Inter and Intra Molecular - General Properties of Hydrogen Bonds

3.4.5. Hydrogen Bonding - Cause of Formation of Hydrogen Bond - Types of Hydrogen Bonds - Inter and Intra Molecular - General Properties of Hydrogen Bonds

3.4.5. Hydrogen Bonding - Cause of Formation of Hydrogen Bond - Types of Hydrogen Bonds - Inter and Intra Molecular - General Properties of Hydrogen Bonds

3.4.5. Hydrogen Bonding - Cause of Formation of Hydrogen Bond - Types of Hydrogen Bonds - Inter and Intra Molecular - General Properties of Hydrogen Bonds

3.4.5. Hydrogen Bonding - Cause of Formation of Hydrogen Bond - Types of Hydrogen Bonds - Inter and Intra Molecular - General Properties of Hydrogen Bonds

4 - States of Mater: Gases and Liquids

4.1.Intermolecular Forces

4.2.Thermal Energy

4.3.Intermolecular Forces Vs Thermal Interactions

4.4.The Gaseous State.

4.5.The Gas Laws

4.6.Ideal Gas Equation

4.6.Ideal Gas Equation

4.6.Ideal Gas Equation

4.6.Ideal Gas Equation

4.7.Graham’s Law of Diffusion – Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

4.7.Graham’s Law of Diffusion – Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

4.8.Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

4.9.Kinetic Gas Equation of an Ideal Gas (No Derivation) Deduction of Gas Laws from Kinetic Gas Equation

4.9.Kinetic Gas Equation of an Ideal Gas (No Derivation) Deduction of Gas Laws from Kinetic Gas Equation

4.10. Distribution of Molecular Speeds – rms, Average and Most Probable Speeds - Kinetic Energy of Gas Molecules

4.10. Distribution of Molecular Speeds – rms, Average and Most Probable Speeds - Kinetic Energy of Gas Molecules

4.10. Distribution of Molecular Speeds – rms, Average and Most Probable Speeds - Kinetic Energy of Gas Molecules

4.11. Behavior of Real Gases – Deviation from Ideal Gas behavior – Compressibility Factor Vs Pressure Diagrams of Real Gases

4.11. Behavior of Real Gases – Deviation from Ideal Gas behavior – Compressibility Factor Vs Pressure Diagrams of Real Gases

4.11. Behavior of Real Gases – Deviation from Ideal Gas behavior – Compressibility Factor Vs Pressure Diagrams of Real Gases

4.11. Behavior of Real Gases – Deviation from Ideal Gas behavior – Compressibility Factor Vs Pressure Diagrams of Real Gases

4.12. Liquefaction of Gases

4.13 Liquid State – Properties of Liquids in terms of Inter Molecular Interactions – Vapour Pressure, Viscosity and Surface Tension

4.13 Liquid State – Properties of Liquids in terms of Inter Molecular Interactions – Vapour Pressure, Viscosity and Surface Tension

4.13 Liquid State – Properties of Liquids in terms of Inter Molecular Interactions – Vapour Pressure, Viscosity and Surface Tension

4.13 Liquid State – Properties of Liquids in terms of Inter Molecular Interactions – Vapour Pressure, Viscosity and Surface Tension

4.13 Liquid State – Properties of Liquids in terms of Inter Molecular Interactions – Vapour Pressure, Viscosity and Surface Tension

5 - Stoichiometry

5.1. Some Basic Concepts – Properties of Matter – Uncertainty in Measurement - Significant Figures, Dimensional Analysis

5.1. Some Basic Concepts – Properties of Matter – Uncertainty in Measurement - Significant Figures, Dimensional Analysis

5.1. Some Basic Concepts – Properties of Matter – Uncertainty in Measurement - Significant Figures, Dimensional Analysis

5.1. Some Basic Concepts – Properties of Matter – Uncertainty in Measurement - Significant Figures, Dimensional Analysis

5.1. Some Basic Concepts – Properties of Matter – Uncertainty in Measurement - Significant Figures, Dimensional Analysis

5.2 Laws of Chemical Combinations – Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportions, Law of Multiple Proportions, Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes, Dalton’s Atomic Theory, Avogadro Law, Principles, Examples

5.2 Laws of Chemical Combinations – Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportions, Law of Multiple Proportions, Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes, Dalton’s Atomic Theory, Avogadro Law, Principles, Examples

5.2 Laws of Chemical Combinations – Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportions, Law of Multiple Proportions, Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes, Dalton’s Atomic Theory, Avogadro Law, Principles, Examples

5.2 Laws of Chemical Combinations – Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportions, Law of Multiple Proportions, Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes, Dalton’s Atomic Theory, Avogadro Law, Principles, Examples

5.2 Laws of Chemical Combinations – Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportions, Law of Multiple Proportions, Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes, Dalton’s Atomic Theory, Avogadro Law, Principles, Examples

5.2 Laws of Chemical Combinations – Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportions, Law of Multiple Proportions, Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes, Dalton’s Atomic Theory, Avogadro Law, Principles, Examples

5.2 Laws of Chemical Combinations – Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportions, Law of Multiple Proportions, Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes, Dalton’s Atomic Theory, Avogadro Law, Principles, Examples

5.3 Atomic and Molecular Masses - Mole Concept and Molar mass Concept of Equivalent Weight

5.3 Atomic and Molecular Masses - Mole Concept and Molar mass Concept of Equivalent Weight

5.4.Percentage Composition of Compounds and Calculations of Empirical and Molecular Formulae of Compounds

5.4.Percentage Composition of Compounds and Calculations of Empirical and Molecular Formulae of Compounds

5.5. Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations.

5.5. Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations.

5.6.Methods of Expressing Concentrations of Solutions - Mass Percent, Mole Fraction, Molarity, Molality and Normality

5.6.Methods of Expressing Concentrations of Solutions - Mass Percent, Mole Fraction, Molarity, Molality and Normality

5.7.Redox Reactions - Classical Idea of Redox Reactions, Oxidation and Reduction Reactions - Redox Reactions in terms of Electron Transfer

5.7.Redox Reactions - Classical Idea of Redox Reactions, Oxidation and Reduction Reactions - Redox Reactions in terms of Electron Transfer

5.7.Redox Reactions - Classical Idea of Redox Reactions, Oxidation and Reduction Reactions - Redox Reactions in terms of Electron Transfer

5.8.Oxidation Number Concept

5.9.Types of Redox Reactions - Combination, Decomposition, Displacement, Disproportionate Reactions

5.9.Types of Redox Reactions - Combination, Decomposition, Displacement, Disproportionate Reactions

5.9.Types of Redox Reactions - Combination, Decomposition, Displacement, Disproportionate Reactions

5.10.Balancing of Redox Reactions – Oxidation Number Method Half Reaction (ion-electron) Method

5.10.Balancing of Redox Reactions – Oxidation Number Method Half Reaction (ion-electron) Method

5.10.Balancing of Redox Reactions – Oxidation Number Method Half Reaction (ion-electron) Method

5.10.Balancing of Redox Reactions – Oxidation Number Method Half Reaction (ion-electron) Method

5.11 Redox Reactions in Titrimetry.

6 - Thermodynamics

6.0. Introduction

6.1 Thermodynamic Terms - The System and the Surroundings

6.1.1.Types of Systems and Surroundings

6.1.2.The State of the System

6.1.3.The Internal Energy as a State Function

(a) Work (b) Heat (c) The General Case, the First law of Thermodynamics

6.1,4.Applications

6.2.1 Work

6.2.2 Enthalpy, H- a useful New State Function

6.2.3 Extensive and Intensive Properties

6.2.4 Heat Capacity

6.2.5 The Relationship between CP and Cv.

6.3.Measurement of U and H: Calorimetry

6.4 Enthalpy change, ¨r H of Reactions – Reaction Enthalpy (a) Standard Enthalpy of Reactions (b) Enthalpy changes during Transformations © Standard Enthalpy of Formation (d) Thermo Chemical Equations (e) Hess’s law of Constant Heat Summation

6.4 Enthalpy change, ¨r H of Reactions – Reaction Enthalpy (a) Standard Enthalpy of Reactions (b) Enthalpy changes during Transformations © Standard Enthalpy of Formation (d) Thermo Chemical Equations (e) Hess’s law of Constant Heat Summation

6.4 Enthalpy change, ¨r H of Reactions – Reaction Enthalpy (a) Standard Enthalpy of Reactions (b) Enthalpy changes during Transformations © Standard Enthalpy of Formation (d) Thermo Chemical Equations (e) Hess’s law of Constant Heat Summation

6.6.Enthalpies for Different Types of Reactions

(a) Standard Enthalpy of Combustion (c HO)

(b) Enthalpy of Atomization (a Hø), Phase Transition, Sublimation and Ionization

(b) Enthalpy of Atomization (a Hø), Phase Transition, Sublimation and Ionization

(b) Enthalpy of Atomization (a Hø), Phase Transition, Sublimation and Ionization

(c) Bond Enthalpy (bond Hø )

(d) Enthalpy of Solution (sol Hø ) and Dilution.

6.7.Spontaneity

(a) Is Decrease in Enthalpy a Criterion for Spontaneity?

(b) Entropy and Spontaneity, the Second Law of Thermodynamics

6.8.Gibbs Energy and Spontaneity

6.9.Gibbs Energy change and Equilibrium

6.10.Absolute Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics.

7 - Chemical Equilibrium and Acids-Bases

7.0. Introduction

7.0. Introduction

7.1.Equilibrium in Physical Process

7.2.Equilibrium in Chemical Process – Dynamic Equilibrium

7.3.Law of Chemical Equilibrium - Law of Mass action and Equilibrium Constant

7.3.Law of Chemical Equilibrium - Law of Mass action and Equilibrium Constant

7.4.Homogeneous Equilibria, Equilibrium Constant in Gaseous Systems. Relationship between KP and Kc

7.4.Homogeneous Equilibria, Equilibrium Constant in Gaseous Systems. Relationship between KP and Kc

7.4.Homogeneous Equilibria, Equilibrium Constant in Gaseous Systems. Relationship between KP and Kc

7.5. Heterogeneous Equilibria.

7.6. Applications of Equilibrium Constant

7.7.Relationship between Equilibrium Constant K, Reaction Quotient Q and Gibbs Energy G.

7.8.Factors affecting Equilibria - Le-Chatlie Principle Application to Industrial Synthesis of Ammonia and Sulphur Trioxide

7.8.Factors affecting Equilibria - Le-Chatlie Principle Application to Industrial Synthesis of Ammonia and Sulphur Trioxide

7.9.Ionic Equilibrium in Solutions

7.10 Acids, Bases and Salts- Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis Concepts of Acids and Bases

7.10 Acids, Bases and Salts- Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis Concepts of Acids and Bases

7.10 Acids, Bases and Salts- Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis Concepts of Acids and Bases

7.10 Acids, Bases and Salts- Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis Concepts of Acids and Bases

7.11 Ionisation of Acids and Bases –Ionisation Constant of Water and It’s Ionic Product- pH Scale - Ionisation Constants of weak Acids - Ionisation of Weak Bases - Relation between Ka and Kb-Di and Poly basic Acids and di and Poly Acidic Bases-Factors Affecting Acid Strength - Common Ion Effect in the Ionization of Acids and Bases - Hydrolysis of Salts and pH of their Solutions

7.11 Ionisation of Acids and Bases –Ionisation Constant of Water and It’s Ionic Product- pH Scale - Ionisation Constants of weak Acids - Ionisation of Weak Bases - Relation between Ka and Kb-Di and Poly basic Acids and di and Poly Acidic Bases-Factors Affecting Acid Strength - Common Ion Effect in the Ionization of Acids and Bases - Hydrolysis of Salts and pH of their Solutions

7.11 Ionisation of Acids and Bases –Ionisation Constant of Water and It’s Ionic Product- pH Scale - Ionisation Constants of weak Acids - Ionisation of Weak Bases - Relation between Ka and Kb-Di and Poly basic Acids and di and Poly Acidic Bases-Factors Affecting Acid Strength - Common Ion Effect in the Ionization of Acids and Bases - Hydrolysis of Salts and pH of their Solutions

7.11 Ionisation of Acids and Bases –Ionisation Constant of Water and It’s Ionic Product- pH Scale - Ionisation Constants of weak Acids - Ionisation of Weak Bases - Relation between Ka and Kb-Di and Poly basic Acids and di and Poly Acidic Bases-Factors Affecting Acid Strength - Common Ion Effect in the Ionization of Acids and Bases - Hydrolysis of Salts and pH of their Solutions

7.11 Ionisation of Acids and Bases –Ionisation Constant of Water and It’s Ionic Product- pH Scale - Ionisation Constants of weak Acids - Ionisation of Weak Bases - Relation between Ka and Kb-Di and Poly basic Acids and di and Poly Acidic Bases-Factors Affecting Acid Strength - Common Ion Effect in the Ionization of Acids and Bases - Hydrolysis of Salts and pH of their Solutions

7.11 Ionisation of Acids and Bases –Ionisation Constant of Water and It’s Ionic Product- pH Scale - Ionisation Constants of weak Acids - Ionisation of Weak Bases - Relation between Ka and Kb-Di and Poly basic Acids and di and Poly Acidic Bases-Factors Affecting Acid Strength - Common Ion Effect in the Ionization of Acids and Bases - Hydrolysis of Salts and pH of their Solutions

7.11 Ionisation of Acids and Bases –Ionisation Constant of Water and It’s Ionic Product- pH Scale - Ionisation Constants of weak Acids - Ionisation of Weak Bases - Relation between Ka and Kb-Di and Poly basic Acids and di and Poly Acidic Bases-Factors Affecting Acid Strength - Common Ion Effect in the Ionization of Acids and Bases - Hydrolysis of Salts and pH of their Solutions

7.11 Ionisation of Acids and Bases –Ionisation Constant of Water and It’s Ionic Product- pH Scale - Ionisation Constants of weak Acids - Ionisation of Weak Bases - Relation between Ka and Kb-Di and Poly basic Acids and di and Poly Acidic Bases-Factors Affecting Acid Strength - Common Ion Effect in the Ionization of Acids and Bases - Hydrolysis of Salts and pH of their Solutions

7.12 Buffer Solutions - Designing of Buffer Solution - Preparation of Acidic Buffer

7.12 Buffer Solutions - Designing of Buffer Solution - Preparation of Acidic Buffer

7.12 Buffer Solutions - Designing of Buffer Solution - Preparation of Acidic Buffer

7.13 Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts. Solubility Product Constant Common Ion Effect on Solubility of Ionic Salts

7.13 Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts. Solubility Product Constant Common Ion Effect on Solubility of Ionic Salts

8 - Hydrogen and Its Compounds

8.0. Introduction

8.1.Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table

8.2.Dihydrogen - Occurance and Isotopes

8.3.Preparation of Dihydrogen

8.4.Properties of Dihydrogen

8.5.Hydrides: Ionic, Covalent, and Non-Stiochiometric Hydrides

8.6 Water: Physical Properties; Structure of Water, Ice. Chemical Properties of Water; Hard and Soft Water Temporary and permanent hardness of water

8.6 Water: Physical Properties; Structure of Water, Ice. Chemical Properties of Water; Hard and Soft Water Temporary and permanent hardness of water

8.6 Water: Physical Properties; Structure of Water, Ice. Chemical Properties of Water; Hard and Soft Water Temporary and permanent hardness of water

8.6 Water: Physical Properties; Structure of Water, Ice. Chemical Properties of Water; Hard and Soft Water Temporary and permanent hardness of water

8.6 Water: Physical Properties; Structure of Water, Ice. Chemical Properties of Water; Hard and Soft Water Temporary and permanent hardness of water

8.7.Hydrogen Peroxide: Preparation; Physical Properties; Structure and Chemical Properties; Storage and Uses

8.7.Hydrogen Peroxide: Preparation; Physical Properties; Structure and Chemical Properties; Storage and Uses

8.7.Hydrogen Peroxide: Preparation; Physical Properties; Structure and Chemical Properties; Storage and Uses

8.7.Hydrogen Peroxide: Preparation; Physical Properties; Structure and Chemical Properties; Storage and Uses

8.8.Heavy Water

8.9.Hydrogen as a Fuel

9 - The s-Block Elements

9.0. Introduction

9.1.Alkali Metals; Electronic Configurations; Atomic and Ionic Radii; Ionization Enthalpy; Hydration Enthalpy; Physical Properties; Chemical Properties; Uses

9.1.Alkali Metals; Electronic Configurations; Atomic and Ionic Radii; Ionization Enthalpy; Hydration Enthalpy; Physical Properties; Chemical Properties; Uses

9.1.Alkali Metals; Electronic Configurations; Atomic and Ionic Radii; Ionization Enthalpy; Hydration Enthalpy; Physical Properties; Chemical Properties; Uses

9.2.General Characteristics of the Compounds of the Alkali Metals: Oxides; Halides; Salts of Oxy Acids.

9.3.Anomalous Properties of Lithium: Differences and Similarities with other Alkali Metals. Diagonal Relationship; Similarities between Lithium and Magnesium.

9.3.Anomalous Properties of Lithium: Differences and Similarities with other Alkali Metals. Diagonal Relationship; Similarities between Lithium and Magnesium.

9.3.Anomalous Properties of Lithium: Differences and Similarities with other Alkali Metals. Diagonal Relationship; Similarities between Lithium and Magnesium.

9.4 Some Important Compounds of Sodium: Sodium Carbonate; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Hydroxide; Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate

9.5.Biological importance of Sodium and Potassium. Group 2 Elements

9.5.Biological importance of Sodium and Potassium. Group 2 Elements

9.6.Alkaline Earth Elements; Electronic Configuration; Ionization Enthalpy; Hydration Enthalpy; Physical Properties, Chemical Properties; Uses

9.6.Alkaline Earth Elements; Electronic Configuration; Ionization Enthalpy; Hydration Enthalpy; Physical Properties, Chemical Properties; Uses

9.6.Alkaline Earth Elements; Electronic Configuration; Ionization Enthalpy; Hydration Enthalpy; Physical Properties, Chemical Properties; Uses

9.7 General Characteristics of Compounds of the Alkaline Earth Metals: Oxides, Hydroxides, Halides, Salts of Oxyacids

9.8.Anomalous behavior of Beryllium; Its Diagonal Relationship with Aluminum

9.9.Some Important Compounds of Calcium: Preparation and Uses of Calcium Oxide ; Calcium Hydroxide; Calcium Carbonate; Plaster of Paris; Cement

9.10 Biological Importance of Calcium and Magnesium

9.10 Biological Importance of Calcium and Magnesium

11 - The p-Block Elements Group 14 (Carbon Family)

11.0.Introduction

11.1 General Introduction - Electronic Configuration, Atomic Radii, Ionization Enthalpy, Electro Negativity; Physical & Chemical Properties.

11.2 Important Trends and Anomalous Properties of Carbon

11.3 Allotropes of Carbon

11.4 Uses of Carbon

11.5 Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon – Carbonmonoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Silica, Silicones, Silicates and Zeolites

12 - Environmental Chemistry

12.0. Introduction

12.1 Definition of terms: Air, Water and Soil Pollutions.

12.2 Environmental Pollution

12.3 Atmospheric Pollution; Tropospheric Pollution; Gaseous Air Pollutants (Oxides of Sulphur; Oxides of Nitrogen; Hydro Carbons; Oxides of Carbon (CO; CO2). Global Warming and Green House Effect

12.4 Acid Rain- Particulate Pollutants- Smog.

12.4 Acid Rain- Particulate Pollutants- Smog.

12.5 Stratospheric Pollution: Formation and Breakdown of Ozone- Ozone Hole- Effects of Depletion of the Ozone Layer

12.6 Water Pollution: Causes of Water Pollution; International Standards for Drinking Water

12.6 Water Pollution: Causes of Water Pollution; International Standards for Drinking Water

12.7 Soil Pollution: Pesticides, Industrial Wastes.

12.8 Strategies to Control Environmental Pollution- Waste Management- Collection and Disposal

12.9 Green Chemistry: Green Chemistry in day-to-day Life; Dry Cleaning of Clothes; Bleaching of Paper; Synthesis of Chemicals

13 - Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques and Hydrocarbons

13.1 General Introduction

13.2 Tetravalency of Carbon: Shapes of Organic Compounds

13.2 Tetravalency of Carbon: Shapes of Organic Compounds

13.3 Structural Representations of Organic Compounds

13.4 Classification of Organic Compounds

13.5 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

13.6 Isomerism

13.7 Fundamental Concepts in Organic Reaction Mechanisms

13.7.1 Fission of Covalent Bond

13.7.2 Nucleophiles and Electrophiles

13.7.3 Electron Movements in Organic Reactions

13.7.4 Electron Displacement Effects in Covalent Bonds

13.7.5 Types of Organic Reactions

13.8 Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds

13.9 Qualitative Elemental Analysis of Organic Compounds

13.10 Quantitative Elemental Analysis of Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons - 13.11 Classification of Hydrocarbons

13.12 Alkanes – Nomenclature, Isomerism

13.12 Alkanes – Nomenclature, Isomerism

13.12.1 Preparation of Alkanes

13.12.2 Properties – Physical Properties and Chemical Reactivity, Substitution Reactions – Halogenation (free radical mechanism), Combustion, Controlled Oxidation, Isomerisation, Aromatization, Reaction with Steam and Pyrolysis

13.12.2 Properties – Physical Properties and Chemical Reactivity, Substitution Reactions – Halogenation (free radical mechanism), Combustion, Controlled Oxidation, Isomerisation, Aromatization, Reaction with Steam and Pyrolysis

13.12.2 Properties – Physical Properties and Chemical Reactivity, Substitution Reactions – Halogenation (free radical mechanism), Combustion, Controlled Oxidation, Isomerisation, Aromatization, Reaction with Steam and Pyrolysis

13.12.2 Properties – Physical Properties and Chemical Reactivity, Substitution Reactions – Halogenation (free radical mechanism), Combustion, Controlled Oxidation, Isomerisation, Aromatization, Reaction with Steam and Pyrolysis

13.12.2 Properties – Physical Properties and Chemical Reactivity, Substitution Reactions – Halogenation (free radical mechanism), Combustion, Controlled Oxidation, Isomerisation, Aromatization, Reaction with Steam and Pyrolysis

13.12.2 Properties – Physical Properties and Chemical Reactivity, Substitution Reactions – Halogenation (free radical mechanism), Combustion, Controlled Oxidation, Isomerisation, Aromatization, Reaction with Steam and Pyrolysis

13.13 Alkenes - Nomenclature, Structure of Ethane, Isomerism

13.13 Alkenes - Nomenclature, Structure of Ethane, Isomerism

13.13 Alkenes - Nomenclature, Structure of Ethane, Isomerism

13.13 Alkenes - Nomenclature, Structure of Ethane, Isomerism

13.13.1 Methods of Preparation.

13.13.2 Properties- Physical and Chemical Reactions: Addition of Hydrogen, Halogen, Water, Sulphuric Acid, Hydrogen Halides (Mechanism- ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov’s , Anti Markovnikov’s or Kharasch Effect). Oxidation, Ozonolysis and Polymerization.

13.13.2 Properties- Physical and Chemical Reactions: Addition of Hydrogen, Halogen, Water, Sulphuric Acid, Hydrogen Halides (Mechanism- ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov’s , Anti Markovnikov’s or Kharasch Effect). Oxidation, Ozonolysis and Polymerization.

13.13.2 Properties- Physical and Chemical Reactions: Addition of Hydrogen, Halogen, Water, Sulphuric Acid, Hydrogen Halides (Mechanism- ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov’s , Anti Markovnikov’s or Kharasch Effect). Oxidation, Ozonolysis and Polymerization.

13.13.2 Properties- Physical and Chemical Reactions: Addition of Hydrogen, Halogen, Water, Sulphuric Acid, Hydrogen Halides (Mechanism- ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov’s , Anti Markovnikov’s or Kharasch Effect). Oxidation, Ozonolysis and Polymerization.

13.13.2 Properties- Physical and Chemical Reactions: Addition of Hydrogen, Halogen, Water, Sulphuric Acid, Hydrogen Halides (Mechanism- ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov’s , Anti Markovnikov’s or Kharasch Effect). Oxidation, Ozonolysis and Polymerization.

13.13.2 Properties- Physical and Chemical Reactions: Addition of Hydrogen, Halogen, Water, Sulphuric Acid, Hydrogen Halides (Mechanism- ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov’s , Anti Markovnikov’s or Kharasch Effect). Oxidation, Ozonolysis and Polymerization.

13.13.2 Properties- Physical and Chemical Reactions: Addition of Hydrogen, Halogen, Water, Sulphuric Acid, Hydrogen Halides (Mechanism- ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov’s , Anti Markovnikov’s or Kharasch Effect). Oxidation, Ozonolysis and Polymerization.

13.14 Alkynes – Nomenclature and Isomerism, Structure of Acetylene. Methods of Preparation of Acetylene

13.14.1 Physical Properties, Chemical Reactions- Acidic Character of Acetylene, Addition Reactions of Hydrogen, Halogen, Hydrogen Halides and Water. Polymerization.

13.14.1 Physical Properties, Chemical Reactions- Acidic Character of Acetylene, Addition Reactions of Hydrogen, Halogen, Hydrogen Halides and Water. Polymerization.

13.15 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and Isomerism. Structure of benzene, Resonance and Aromaticity.

13.15 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and Isomerism. Structure of benzene, Resonance and Aromaticity.

13.15 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and Isomerism. Structure of benzene, Resonance and Aromaticity.

13.15 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and Isomerism. Structure of benzene, Resonance and Aromaticity.

13.15.1 Preparation of Benzene. Physical Properties. Chemical Properties: Mechanism of Electrophilic Substitution. Electrophilic Substitution Reactions- Nitration, Sulphonation, Halogenation, Friedel-Craft’ alkylation and acylation

13.15.1 Preparation of Benzene. Physical Properties. Chemical Properties: Mechanism of Electrophilic Substitution. Electrophilic Substitution Reactions- Nitration, Sulphonation, Halogenation, Friedel-Craft’ alkylation and acylation

13.15.1 Preparation of Benzene. Physical Properties. Chemical Properties: Mechanism of Electrophilic Substitution. Electrophilic Substitution Reactions- Nitration, Sulphonation, Halogenation, Friedel-Craft’ alkylation and acylation

13.15.1 Preparation of Benzene. Physical Properties. Chemical Properties: Mechanism of Electrophilic Substitution. Electrophilic Substitution Reactions- Nitration, Sulphonation, Halogenation, Friedel-Craft’ alkylation and acylation

13.15.1 Preparation of Benzene. Physical Properties. Chemical Properties: Mechanism of Electrophilic Substitution. Electrophilic Substitution Reactions- Nitration, Sulphonation, Halogenation, Friedel-Craft’ alkylation and acylation

13.15.2.Directive Influence of Functional Groups in Mono Substituted Benzene, Carcinogenicity and Toxicity

13.15.2.Directive Influence of Functional Groups in Mono Substituted Benzene, Carcinogenicity and Toxicity

13.15.2.Directive Influence of Functional Groups in Mono Substituted Benzene, Carcinogenicity and Toxicity

13.15.2.Directive Influence of Functional Groups in Mono Substituted Benzene, Carcinogenicity and Toxicity