5. Surface Chemistry

5.1. Adsorption & 5.1.1. Distinction between Adsorption and Absorption

5.1.2. Mechanism of Adsorption

5.1.3. Types of Adsorption

5.1.4. Adsorption Isotherms

5.1.5. Adsorption from Solution Phase

5.1.6. Applications of Adsorption

5.2. Catalysis

5.2.1. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

5.2.2. Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis

5.2.3. Shape-Selective Catalysis by Zeolites

5.2.4. Enzyme Catalysis

5.2.5. Catalysts in Industry

5.3. Colloids

5.4. Classification of Colloids

5.4.2. Classification based on Nature of Interaction between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium

5.4.3. Classification based on Type of Particles of the Dispersed Phase, Multimolecular, Macromalecular and Associated Colloids

5.4.4. Preparation of Colloids

5.4.5. Preparation of Colloidal Solutions

5.4.6. Properties of Colloidal Solutions

5.5. Emulsions

5.6. Colloids Around Us

1. The Solid State

1.1. General Characteristics of Solid State

1.2. Amorphous and Crystalline Solids

1.3. Classification of Crystalline Solids

1.3.1. Molecular Solids

1.3.2. Ionic Solids

1.3.3. Metallic Solids

1.3.4. Covalent or Network Solids

1.4. Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

1.4.1. Primitive and Cent-red Unit Cells

1.5. Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell

1.5.1. Primitive Cubic Unit Cell

1.5.2. Body Cent-red Cubic Unit Cell

1.5.3. Face-Cent-red Cubic Unit Cell

1.6. Close Packed Structure

1.6.1. Formula of Compound and Number of Voids Filled

1.7. Packing Efficiency

1.7.1. Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures

1.7.2. Efficiency of Packing in body-cent-red Cubic Structures

1.7.3. Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic Lattice

1.8. Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions

1.9. Imperfections in Solids

1.9.1. Types of Point Defects

1.10. Electrical Properties

1.10.1. Conduction of Electricity in Metals

1.10.2. Conduction of Electricity in Semiconductors

1.11. Magnetic Properties

2. Solutions

2.1. Types of Solutions

2.2. Expressing Concentration of Solutions

2.3. Solubility

2.3.1. Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid

2.3.2. Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid

2.4. Vapor Pressure of Liquid Solutions

2.4.1. Vapor Pressure of Liquid-Liquid Solutions

2.4.1. Vapor Pressure of Liquid-Liquid Solutions

2.4.2. Raoult's Law as a Special Case of Henry's Law

2.4.3. Vapor Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids

2.5. Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions - Ideal Solutions - Non-Ideal Solutions

2.5. Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions - Ideal Solutions - Non-Ideal Solutions

2.5. Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions - Ideal Solutions - Non-Ideal Solutions

2.6. Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass

2.6.1. Relative lowering of Vapor Pressure

2.6.2. Elevation of Boiling Point

2.6.3. Depression of Freezing Point

2.6.4. Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure

2.6.5. Reverse Osmosis and Water Purification

2.7. Abnormal Molar Masses

3. Electrochemistry

3.1. Electrochemical Cells

3.2. Galvanic Cells

3.2.1. Measurement of Electrode Potential

3.3. Nernst Equation

3.3.1. Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation

3.3.2. Electromagnetic Cell and Gibbs Energy of the Reaction

3.4. Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions

3.4.1. Measurement of the Conductivity of Ionic Solutions

3.4.2. Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration

3.5. Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis

3.5.1. Products of Electrolysis

3.6. Batteries

3.6.1. Primary Batteries

3.6.2. Secondary Batteries

3.7. Fuel Cells

3.8. Corrosion

4. Chemical Kinetics

4.1. Rate of a Chemical Reaction

4.2. Factors Influencing Rate of Reactions

4.2.1. Dependence of Rate on Concentration

4.2.1. Dependence of Rate on Concentration

4.2.2. Rate Expression and Rate Constant

4.2.3. Order of a Reaction

4.2.4. Molecularity of a Reaction

4.3. Integrated Rate Equations

4.3.1. Zero Order Reactions

4.3.2. First Order Reactions

4.3.3. Half-Life of a Reaction

4.5. Temperature Dependence of the Rate of Reaction

4.5.1. Effect of Catalyst

4.6. Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions

6. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

6.1. Occurrence of Metals

6.2. Concentration of Ores

6.2.1. Hydraulic Washing

6.2.2. Magnetic Separation

6.2.3. Froth Floatation Method

6.2.4. Leaching

6.3. Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore

6.4. Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy & 6.4.1. Applications

6.5. Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy

6.6. Oxidation Reduction

6.7. Refining

6.8. Uses of Aluminum, Copper, Zinc and Iron

6.8. Uses of Aluminum, Copper, Zinc and Iron

6.8. Uses of Aluminum, Copper, Zinc and Iron

6.8. Uses of Aluminum, Copper, Zinc and Iron

7. The p-Block Elements

7.1. Group 15 Elements

7.1.1. Occurrence

7.1.2. Electronic Configuration

7.1.2. Electronic Configuration

7.1.2. Electronic Configuration

7.1.2. Electronic Configuration

7.1.3. Atomic and Ionic Radii

7.1.4. Ionisation Enthalpy

7.1.5. Electronegativity

7.1.6. Physical Properties

7.1.7. Chemical Properties

7.2. Di-nitrogen

7.3. Ammonia

7.4. Oxides of Nitrogen

7.5. Nitric Acid

7.6. Phosphorous Allotropic Forms

7.7. Phosphine

7.8. Phosphorous Halides

7.8.1. Phosphorous Trichloride

7.8.2. Phosphorous Pentachloride

7.9. Oxoacids of Phosphorous

7.10. Group 16 Elements & 7.10.1. Occurrence

7.10.2. Electronic Configuration

7.10.3. Atomic and Ionic Radii

7.10.4. Ionisation Enthalpy

7.10.5. Electron Gain Enthalpy

7.10.6. Electronegativity

7.10.7. Physical Properties

7.10.8. Chemical Properties

7.11. Dioxygen

7.12. Simple Oxides

7.13. Ozone

7.14. Sulfur Allotropic Forms

7.15. Sulfur Dioxide

7.16. Oxoacids of Sulfur

7.17. Sulphuric Acid

7.18. Group 17 Elements & 7.18.1. Occurrence

7.18.2. Electronic Configuration

7.18.3 - 6 Atomic and Ionic Rad - Ionisation Enthalpy - Electron Gain Enthalpy - Electronegativity

7.18.7. Physical Properties

7.18.8. Chemical Properties

7.19. Chlorine

7.20.Hydrogen Chloride

7.21. Oxoacids of Halogens

7.22. Inter-halogen Compounds

7.23. Group 18 Elements & 7.23.1. Occurrence

7.23.2. Electronic Configuration

7.23.3. Ionisation Enthalpy

7.23.4. Atomic Radii

7.23.5. Electron Gain Enthalpy

8. The d & f-Block Elements

8.1. Position in the Periodic Table & 8.2. Electronic Configuratins of the D- Block Elements

8.1. Position in the Periodic Table & 8.2. Electronic Configuratins of the D- Block Elements

8.3. General Properties of the Transitional Elements (d- block)

8.3.1 Physical Properties

8.3.2. Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Metals

8.3.3. Ionisation Enthalpies

8.3.4. Oxidation States

8.3.5. Trends in the M2+/M Standard Electrode Potentials

8.3.6. Trends in the M3+/M2 Standard Electrode Potentials

8.3.7. Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States

8.3.8. Chemical Reactivity and E (-) Values

8.3.9. Magnetic Properties

8.3.10. Formation of Colored Ions

8.3.11. Formation of Complex Compounds

8.3.12. Catalytic Properties

8.3.13. Formation of Interstitial Compounds

8.3.14. Alloy Formation

8.4. Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements

8.4.1. Oxides and Oxoanians of Metals

8.5. The Lanthanoids & 8.5.1. Electronic Configurations

8.5.2. Atomic and Ionic Sizes

8.5.3. Oxidation States

8.5.4. General Characteristics

8.6. The Actinoids & 8.6.1. Electronic Configurations

8.6.2. Ionic Sizes

8.6.3. Oxidation States

8.6.4. General Characteristics and Comparison with Lanthanoids

8.7. Some Applications of d- and f- Block Elements

9. Coordinate Compounds

9.1.Introduction

9.2. Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordinate Compounds

a) Coordination Entity

b) Central Atom / Ion

c) Ligands

d) Coordination Number

e) Coordination Sphere

f) Coordination Polyhedron

g) Oxidation Number of Central Atom

h) Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Complexes

9.3. Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds

9.3.1. Formulas of Mono nuclear Coordination Entities

9.3.2. Naming of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds

9.4. Isomerism in Coordination Compounds

9.4.1. Geometric Isomerism

9.4.2. Optical Isomerism

9.4.3. Linkage Isomerism

9.4.4. Coordination Isomerism

9.4.5. Ionisation Isomerism

9.4.6. Solvate Isomerism

9.5. Bonding in Coordination Compounds

9.5.1. Valence Bond Theory

9.5.2. Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds

9.5.3. Limitations of Valence Bond Theory

9.5.4. Crystal Field Theory

9.5.5. Color in Coordination Compounds

9.5.6. Limitations of Crystal Field Theory

9.6. Bonding in Metal Carbonyls

9.7. Stability of Coordinate Compounds

9.8. Importance and Applications of Coordinate Compounds

10. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

10.1. Classification - On the Basis Number of Halogen Atoms - Compounds Containing SP3C-X Bond (X – F, Cl, Br, I) - Compounds Containing SP2C-X Bond

10.2. Nomenclature

10.3. Nature of C-X Bond

10.4. Methods of Preparation & 10.4.1. From Alcohols

10.4.2 - 6. From Hydrocarbons - Halogen Exchange - Physical Properties - Chemical Reactions

10.6.1. Reactions of Haloalkanes & 10.6.2. Reactions of Haloarenes

10.7. Polyhalogen Compounds

10.7.1. Dichloromethane (Methylene Chloride)

10.7.2. Trichloromethane (Chloroform)

10.7.3. Triiodomethane (Iodoform)

10.7.4. Tetrachloromethane (Carbon Tetrachloride)

11. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

11.1. Classification

11.1.1. Mono, Di, Tri or Polyhydric Compounds

11.1.2. Ethers

11.2. Nomenclature

11.3. Structure of Functional Groups

11.4. Alcohols and Phenols & 11.4.1. Preparation of Alcohols

11.4.2. Preparation of Phenols

11.4.3. Physical Properties

11.4.3. Physical Properties

11.4.4. Chemical Properties

11.4.4. Chemical Properties

11.5. Some Commercially Important Alcohols

11.6. Ethers & 11.6.1. Preparation of Ethers

11.6.2. Physical Properties

11.6.3. Chemical Reactions

11.6.3. Chemical Reactions

12. Aldehydes, Ketones and CarboXylic Acids

12.1. Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group

12.1.1. Aldehydes and ketones

12.1.2. Structure of Carbonyl Group

12.2. Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones

12.2.1. Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones (a) By Oxidation of Alcohols

b) By Dehydrogenation of Alcohols

c) From Hydrocarbons

12.2.2. Preparation of Aldehydes & 12.2.3. Preparation of Ketones

12.3. Physical properties

12.4. Chemical Reactions

12.5. Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones

12.6. Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group - Nomenclature - Structure of Carboxyl Group

12.7. Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

12.8. Physical Properties & 12.9. Chemical Reactions

12.9.1. Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond

12.9.2. Reactions Involving Cleavage of C-OH Bond

12.9.3. Reactions Involving COOH Group

12.9.4. Substitution Reactions in the Hydrocarbon Part

12.10. Uses of Carboxylic Acids

13. Amines

13.1. Structure of Amines

13.2. Classification

13.3. Nomenclature

13.4. Preparation of Amines

13.4.1. Reduction of Nitro Compounds

13.4.2. Ammonolysis of Alkyl Halids

13.4.3. Reduction of Nitriles & 13.4.4. Reduction of Amides

13.4.5. Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis

13.4.6. Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation Reaction

13.5. Physical Properties

13.6. Chemical Reactions

13.6.1. Structure Basicity Relationship of Amines - a) Alkanamines Vs Ammonia

b) Arylamines Vs Ammonia

13.6.2. Alkylation

13.6.3. Acylation

13.6.4. Carbylamine Reaction

13.6.5. Reaction with Nitrous Acid

13.6.6. Reaction with Arysulphonyl Chloride

13.6.7. Electrophylic Substitution

a) Bromination

b) Nitration

13.7. Method of Preparation of Diazonium Salts & 13.8. Physical Properties

13.9. Chemical Reactions

13.10. Importance of Diazonium Salts in Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds

14. Biomolecules

14.0. Introduction

14.1. Carbohydrates

14.1.2. Monosaccharides

14.1.3. Preparation of Glucose

14.1.4. Structure of Glucose

14.1.5. Cyclic Structure of Glucose

14.1.6. Structure of Fructose

14.1.7. Disaccharides

14.1.8. Polysaccharides

14.2. Proteins

14.2.1.Amino Acids

14.2.2. Classification of Amino Acids

14.2.3.Structure of Proteins

14.2.4. Denaturation of Proteins

14.3. Enzymes

14.3.1. Mechanism of Enzyme Action

14.4.Vitamins

14.4.1. Classification of Vitamins

14.5. Nucleic Acids

14.5.1. Chemical Composition of Nucleic Acids

14.5.2. Structure of Nucleic Acids

14.5.3.Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids

15. Polymers

15.1. Classification of Polymers & 15.1.1. Classification based on Source

15.1.1.1. Natural Polymers

15.1.1.2. Semi Synthetic Polymers

15.1.1.3. Synthetic Polymers

15.1.2. Classification Based on Structure of Polymers

15.1.2.1. Linear Polymers

15.1.2.2. Branched Chain Polymers

15.1.2.3. Cross Linked or Network Polymers

15.1.3. Classification Based on Mode Polymarisation

15.1.3.1. Addition Polymers

15.1.3.2. Condensation Polymers

15.1.4. Classification Based on Molecular Forces

15.1.4.1. Elastomers

15.1.4.2. Fibres

15.1.4.3. Thermoplastic Polymers

15.1.4.4. Thermosetting Polymers

15.1.5. Classification Based on Growth Polymersation

15.1.5. Classification Based on Growth Polymersation

15.2. Types of Polymerisation

15.2.1. Addition Polymerisation or Chain Growth Polymerisation

15.2.1.1. Free Radical Mechanism

15.2.1.2. Preparation of Some Important Addition Polymers (a) Polythene

I) Low Density Polythene

II) High Density Polythene

b) Poly tetra fluoro ethene ( Teflon)

c) Polyaccrylonitrile

15.2.2. Condensation Polymerisation or Step Growth Polymerisation

15.2.2.1. Polyamides

a) Preparation of Nylons - I) Nylon 6. 6

II) Nylon 6

15.2.2.2. Polyesters

15.2.2.3. Phenol – Formaldehyde Polymer (Bakelite and Related Polymers

15.2.2.4. Melamine – Formaldehyde Polymer

15.2.3. Copolymerisation

15.2.4. Rubber

15.2.4.1. Natural Rubber

15.2.4.2. Synthetic Rubbers

a) Preparation of Synthetic Rubber - I) Neoprene - II) Buna – n

a) Preparation of Synthetic Rubber - I) Neoprene - II) Buna – n

15.3. Molecular Mass of Polymers

15.4. Biodegradable Polymers

15.5. Polymers of Commercial Importance

16. Chemistry in Everyday Life

16.1. Drugs and their Classification

16.1.1. Classification of Drugs - Pharmacological Effect - Drug Action - Chemical Structure - Molecular Targets

16.2. Drug Target Interaction

16.2.1. Enzymes as Drug Targets - Catalytic Action of Enzymes - Drug-Enzyme Interaction

16.2.1. Enzymes as Drug Targets - Catalytic Action of Enzymes - Drug-Enzyme Interaction

16.2.2. Receptors as Drug Targets

16.3. Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs & 16.3.1. Antacids

16.3.2. Antihistamins

16.3.3. Neurologically Active Drugs - Tranquilizers - Analgesics

16.3.4. Antimicrobials a) Antibiotics

b) Antiseptics and Disinfectants

16.3.5. Anti-fertility Drugs

16.4. Chemicals in Food & 16.4.1. Artificial Sweetening Agents

16.4.2. Food Preservatives

16.5. Cleansing Agents - 16.5.1. Soaps

16.5.2. Synthetic Detergents