నెల్లూరు: మనుబోలు మండలం బద్వేలు క్రాస్రోడ్డు దగ్గర కారు బోల్తా, ముగ్గురికి గాయాలు|కర్నూలు: 16 వ రోజు జగన్ ప్రజా సంకల్ప యాత్ర|రంగారెడ్డి: మైలార్దేవ్పల్లిలో కింగ్స్ కాలనీలో ముస్తఫా అనే వ్యక్తిపై దుండగుల కాల్పులు|కడప: జగన్ సీఎం అయితే తన ఆస్తులు పెరుగుతాయి..చంద్రబాబు సీఎంగా ఉంటే ప్రజల ఆస్తులు పెరుగుతాయి: మంత్రి సోమిరెడ్డి|సిరిసిల్ల: అన్ని గ్రామాల్లో కేసీఆర్ గ్రామీణ ప్రగతి ప్రాంగణాలు నిర్మిస్తాం: మంత్రి కేటీఆర్|హైదరాబాద్: బంజారాహిల్స్ పోలీస్ స్టేషన్లో యూసుఫ్గూడ కార్పొరేటర్ తమ్ముడిపై కేసు నమోదు|అమరావతి: చీఫ్విప్గా పల్లె రఘునాథరెడ్డి పేరు, శాసనమండలి చీఫ్ విప్గా పయ్యావుల కేశవ్ పేరు ఖరారు|అనంతపురం: జెట్ ఎయిర్వేస్లో ఉద్యోగాల పేరుతో మోసం, రూ.14 లక్షలు వసూలు చేసిన యువకుడు|ఢిల్లీ: సరి, బేసి విధానానికి ఎన్జీటీ గ్రీన్సిగ్నల్, కాలుష్యం పెరిగినప్పుడు అమలు చేసుకోవచ్చన్న ఎన్జీటీ|శ్రీకాకుళం: వైసీపీ ఎమ్మెల్యేల గొంతు నొక్కుతున్నారు.. నిరసనగా అసెంబ్లీని బహిష్కరించాం: వైసీపీ నేత ధర్మాన
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CHEMISTRY
5. Surface Chemistry
5.1. Adsorption & 5.1.1. Distinction between Adsorption and Absorption
5.1.2. Mechanism of Adsorption
5.1.3. Types of Adsorption
5.1.4. Adsorption Isotherms
5.1.5. Adsorption from Solution Phase
5.1.6. Applications of Adsorption
5.2. Catalysis
5.2.1. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis
5.2.2. Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis
5.2.3. Shape-Selective Catalysis by Zeolites
5.2.4. Enzyme Catalysis
5.2.5. Catalysts in Industry
5.3. Colloids
5.4. Classification of Colloids
5.4.2. Classification based on Nature of Interaction between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium
5.4.3. Classification based on Type of Particles of the Dispersed Phase, Multimolecular, Macromalecular and Associated Colloids
5.4.4. Preparation of Colloids
5.4.5. Preparation of Colloidal Solutions
5.4.6. Properties of Colloidal Solutions
5.5. Emulsions
5.6. Colloids Around Us
1. The Solid State
1.1. General Characteristics of Solid State
1.2. Amorphous and Crystalline Solids
1.3. Classification of Crystalline Solids
1.3.1. Molecular Solids
1.3.2. Ionic Solids
1.3.3. Metallic Solids
1.3.4. Covalent or Network Solids
1.4. Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
1.4.1. Primitive and Cent-red Unit Cells
1.5. Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell
1.5.1. Primitive Cubic Unit Cell
1.5.2. Body Cent-red Cubic Unit Cell
1.5.3. Face-Cent-red Cubic Unit Cell
1.6. Close Packed Structure
1.6.1. Formula of Compound and Number of Voids Filled
1.7. Packing Efficiency
1.7.1. Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures
1.7.2. Efficiency of Packing in body-cent-red Cubic Structures
1.7.3. Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic Lattice
1.8. Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions
1.9. Imperfections in Solids
1.9.1. Types of Point Defects
1.10. Electrical Properties
1.10.1. Conduction of Electricity in Metals
1.10.2. Conduction of Electricity in Semiconductors
1.11. Magnetic Properties
2. Solutions
2.1. Types of Solutions
2.2. Expressing Concentration of Solutions
2.3. Solubility
2.3.1. Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid
2.3.2. Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid
2.4. Vapor Pressure of Liquid Solutions
2.4.1. Vapor Pressure of Liquid-Liquid Solutions
2.4.1. Vapor Pressure of Liquid-Liquid Solutions
2.4.2. Raoult's Law as a Special Case of Henry's Law
2.4.3. Vapor Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids
2.5. Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions - Ideal Solutions - Non-Ideal Solutions
2.5. Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions - Ideal Solutions - Non-Ideal Solutions
2.5. Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions - Ideal Solutions - Non-Ideal Solutions
2.6. Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass
2.6.1. Relative lowering of Vapor Pressure
2.6.2. Elevation of Boiling Point
2.6.3. Depression of Freezing Point
2.6.4. Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
2.6.5. Reverse Osmosis and Water Purification
2.7. Abnormal Molar Masses
3. Electrochemistry
3.1. Electrochemical Cells
3.2. Galvanic Cells
3.2.1. Measurement of Electrode Potential
3.3. Nernst Equation
3.3.1. Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation
3.3.2. Electromagnetic Cell and Gibbs Energy of the Reaction
3.4. Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions
3.4.1. Measurement of the Conductivity of Ionic Solutions
3.4.2. Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration
3.5. Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis
3.5.1. Products of Electrolysis
3.6. Batteries
3.6.1. Primary Batteries
3.6.2. Secondary Batteries
3.7. Fuel Cells
3.8. Corrosion
4. Chemical Kinetics
4.1. Rate of a Chemical Reaction
4.2. Factors Influencing Rate of Reactions
4.2.1. Dependence of Rate on Concentration
4.2.1. Dependence of Rate on Concentration
4.2.2. Rate Expression and Rate Constant
4.2.3. Order of a Reaction
4.2.4. Molecularity of a Reaction
4.3. Integrated Rate Equations
4.3.1. Zero Order Reactions
4.3.2. First Order Reactions
4.3.3. Half-Life of a Reaction
4.5. Temperature Dependence of the Rate of Reaction
4.5.1. Effect of Catalyst
4.6. Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions
6. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
6.1. Occurrence of Metals
6.2. Concentration of Ores
6.2.1. Hydraulic Washing
6.2.2. Magnetic Separation
6.2.3. Froth Floatation Method
6.2.4. Leaching
6.3. Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore
6.4. Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy & 6.4.1. Applications
6.5. Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy
6.6. Oxidation Reduction
6.7. Refining
6.8. Uses of Aluminum, Copper, Zinc and Iron
6.8. Uses of Aluminum, Copper, Zinc and Iron
6.8. Uses of Aluminum, Copper, Zinc and Iron
6.8. Uses of Aluminum, Copper, Zinc and Iron
7. The p-Block Elements
7.1. Group 15 Elements
7.1.1. Occurrence
7.1.2. Electronic Configuration
7.1.2. Electronic Configuration
7.1.2. Electronic Configuration
7.1.2. Electronic Configuration
7.1.3. Atomic and Ionic Radii
7.1.4. Ionisation Enthalpy
7.1.5. Electronegativity
7.1.6. Physical Properties
7.1.7. Chemical Properties
7.2. Di-nitrogen
7.3. Ammonia
7.4. Oxides of Nitrogen
7.5. Nitric Acid
7.6. Phosphorous Allotropic Forms
7.7. Phosphine
7.8. Phosphorous Halides
7.8.1. Phosphorous Trichloride
7.8.2. Phosphorous Pentachloride
7.9. Oxoacids of Phosphorous
7.10. Group 16 Elements & 7.10.1. Occurrence
7.10.2. Electronic Configuration
7.10.3. Atomic and Ionic Radii
7.10.4. Ionisation Enthalpy
7.10.5. Electron Gain Enthalpy
7.10.6. Electronegativity
7.10.7. Physical Properties
7.10.8. Chemical Properties
7.11. Dioxygen
7.12. Simple Oxides
7.13. Ozone
7.14. Sulfur Allotropic Forms
7.15. Sulfur Dioxide
7.16. Oxoacids of Sulfur
7.17. Sulphuric Acid
7.18. Group 17 Elements & 7.18.1. Occurrence
7.18.2. Electronic Configuration
7.18.3 - 6 Atomic and Ionic Rad - Ionisation Enthalpy - Electron Gain Enthalpy - Electronegativity
7.18.7. Physical Properties
7.18.8. Chemical Properties
7.19. Chlorine
7.20.Hydrogen Chloride
7.21. Oxoacids of Halogens
7.22. Inter-halogen Compounds
7.23. Group 18 Elements & 7.23.1. Occurrence
7.23.2. Electronic Configuration
7.23.3. Ionisation Enthalpy
7.23.4. Atomic Radii
7.23.5. Electron Gain Enthalpy
8. The d & f-Block Elements
8.1. Position in the Periodic Table & 8.2. Electronic Configuratins of the D- Block Elements
8.1. Position in the Periodic Table & 8.2. Electronic Configuratins of the D- Block Elements
8.3. General Properties of the Transitional Elements (d- block)
8.3.1 Physical Properties
8.3.2. Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Metals
8.3.3. Ionisation Enthalpies
8.3.4. Oxidation States
8.3.5. Trends in the M2+/M Standard Electrode Potentials
8.3.6. Trends in the M3+/M2 Standard Electrode Potentials
8.3.7. Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States
8.3.8. Chemical Reactivity and E (-) Values
8.3.9. Magnetic Properties
8.3.10. Formation of Colored Ions
8.3.11. Formation of Complex Compounds
8.3.12. Catalytic Properties
8.3.13. Formation of Interstitial Compounds
8.3.14. Alloy Formation
8.4. Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements
8.4.1. Oxides and Oxoanians of Metals
8.5. The Lanthanoids & 8.5.1. Electronic Configurations
8.5.2. Atomic and Ionic Sizes
8.5.3. Oxidation States
8.5.4. General Characteristics
8.6. The Actinoids & 8.6.1. Electronic Configurations
8.6.2. Ionic Sizes
8.6.3. Oxidation States
8.6.4. General Characteristics and Comparison with Lanthanoids
8.7. Some Applications of d- and f- Block Elements
9. Coordinate Compounds
9.1.Introduction
9.2. Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordinate Compounds
a) Coordination Entity
b) Central Atom / Ion
c) Ligands
d) Coordination Number
e) Coordination Sphere
f) Coordination Polyhedron
g) Oxidation Number of Central Atom
h) Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Complexes
9.3. Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
9.3.1. Formulas of Mono nuclear Coordination Entities
9.3.2. Naming of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds
9.4. Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
9.4.1. Geometric Isomerism
9.4.2. Optical Isomerism
9.4.3. Linkage Isomerism
9.4.4. Coordination Isomerism
9.4.5. Ionisation Isomerism
9.4.6. Solvate Isomerism
9.5. Bonding in Coordination Compounds
9.5.1. Valence Bond Theory
9.5.2. Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
9.5.3. Limitations of Valence Bond Theory
9.5.4. Crystal Field Theory
9.5.5. Color in Coordination Compounds
9.5.6. Limitations of Crystal Field Theory
9.6. Bonding in Metal Carbonyls
9.7. Stability of Coordinate Compounds
9.8. Importance and Applications of Coordinate Compounds
10. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
10.1. Classification - On the Basis Number of Halogen Atoms - Compounds Containing SP3C-X Bond (X – F, Cl, Br, I) - Compounds Containing SP2C-X Bond
10.2. Nomenclature
10.3. Nature of C-X Bond
10.4. Methods of Preparation & 10.4.1. From Alcohols
10.4.2 - 6. From Hydrocarbons - Halogen Exchange - Physical Properties - Chemical Reactions
10.6.1. Reactions of Haloalkanes & 10.6.2. Reactions of Haloarenes
10.7. Polyhalogen Compounds
10.7.1. Dichloromethane (Methylene Chloride)
10.7.2. Trichloromethane (Chloroform)
10.7.3. Triiodomethane (Iodoform)
10.7.4. Tetrachloromethane (Carbon Tetrachloride)
11. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
11.1. Classification
11.1.1. Mono, Di, Tri or Polyhydric Compounds
11.1.2. Ethers
11.2. Nomenclature
11.3. Structure of Functional Groups
11.4. Alcohols and Phenols & 11.4.1. Preparation of Alcohols
11.4.2. Preparation of Phenols
11.4.3. Physical Properties
11.4.3. Physical Properties
11.4.4. Chemical Properties
11.4.4. Chemical Properties
11.5. Some Commercially Important Alcohols
11.6. Ethers & 11.6.1. Preparation of Ethers
11.6.2. Physical Properties
11.6.3. Chemical Reactions
11.6.3. Chemical Reactions
12. Aldehydes, Ketones and CarboXylic Acids
12.1. Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group
12.1.1. Aldehydes and ketones
12.1.2. Structure of Carbonyl Group
12.2. Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
12.2.1. Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones (a) By Oxidation of Alcohols
b) By Dehydrogenation of Alcohols
c) From Hydrocarbons
12.2.2. Preparation of Aldehydes & 12.2.3. Preparation of Ketones
12.3. Physical properties
12.4. Chemical Reactions
12.5. Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
12.6. Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group - Nomenclature - Structure of Carboxyl Group
12.7. Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
12.8. Physical Properties & 12.9. Chemical Reactions
12.9.1. Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond
12.9.2. Reactions Involving Cleavage of C-OH Bond
12.9.3. Reactions Involving COOH Group
12.9.4. Substitution Reactions in the Hydrocarbon Part
12.10. Uses of Carboxylic Acids
13. Amines
13.1. Structure of Amines
13.2. Classification
13.3. Nomenclature
13.4. Preparation of Amines
13.4.1. Reduction of Nitro Compounds
13.4.2. Ammonolysis of Alkyl Halids
13.4.3. Reduction of Nitriles & 13.4.4. Reduction of Amides
13.4.5. Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis
13.4.6. Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation Reaction
13.5. Physical Properties
13.6. Chemical Reactions
13.6.1. Structure Basicity Relationship of Amines - a) Alkanamines Vs Ammonia
b) Arylamines Vs Ammonia
13.6.2. Alkylation
13.6.3. Acylation
13.6.4. Carbylamine Reaction
13.6.5. Reaction with Nitrous Acid
13.6.6. Reaction with Arysulphonyl Chloride
13.6.7. Electrophylic Substitution
a) Bromination
b) Nitration
13.7. Method of Preparation of Diazonium Salts & 13.8. Physical Properties
13.9. Chemical Reactions
13.10. Importance of Diazonium Salts in Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds
14. Biomolecules
14.0. Introduction
14.1. Carbohydrates
14.1.2. Monosaccharides
14.1.3. Preparation of Glucose
14.1.4. Structure of Glucose
14.1.5. Cyclic Structure of Glucose
14.1.6. Structure of Fructose
14.1.7. Disaccharides
14.1.8. Polysaccharides
14.2. Proteins
14.2.1.Amino Acids
14.2.2. Classification of Amino Acids
14.2.3.Structure of Proteins
14.2.4. Denaturation of Proteins
14.3. Enzymes
14.3.1. Mechanism of Enzyme Action
14.4.Vitamins
14.4.1. Classification of Vitamins
14.5. Nucleic Acids
14.5.1. Chemical Composition of Nucleic Acids
14.5.2. Structure of Nucleic Acids
14.5.3.Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids
15. Polymers
15.1. Classification of Polymers & 15.1.1. Classification based on Source
15.1.1.1. Natural Polymers
15.1.1.2. Semi Synthetic Polymers
15.1.1.3. Synthetic Polymers
15.1.2. Classification Based on Structure of Polymers
15.1.2.1. Linear Polymers
15.1.2.2. Branched Chain Polymers
15.1.2.3. Cross Linked or Network Polymers
15.1.3. Classification Based on Mode Polymarisation
15.1.3.1. Addition Polymers
15.1.3.2. Condensation Polymers
15.1.4. Classification Based on Molecular Forces
15.1.4.1. Elastomers
15.1.4.2. Fibres
15.1.4.3. Thermoplastic Polymers
15.1.4.4. Thermosetting Polymers
15.1.5. Classification Based on Growth Polymersation
15.1.5. Classification Based on Growth Polymersation
15.2. Types of Polymerisation
15.2.1. Addition Polymerisation or Chain Growth Polymerisation
15.2.1.1. Free Radical Mechanism
15.2.1.2. Preparation of Some Important Addition Polymers (a) Polythene
I) Low Density Polythene
II) High Density Polythene
b) Poly tetra fluoro ethene ( Teflon)
c) Polyaccrylonitrile
15.2.2. Condensation Polymerisation or Step Growth Polymerisation
15.2.2.1. Polyamides
a) Preparation of Nylons - I) Nylon 6. 6
II) Nylon 6
15.2.2.2. Polyesters
15.2.2.3. Phenol – Formaldehyde Polymer (Bakelite and Related Polymers
15.2.2.4. Melamine – Formaldehyde Polymer
15.2.3. Copolymerisation
15.2.4. Rubber
15.2.4.1. Natural Rubber
15.2.4.2. Synthetic Rubbers
a) Preparation of Synthetic Rubber - I) Neoprene - II) Buna – n
a) Preparation of Synthetic Rubber - I) Neoprene - II) Buna – n
15.3. Molecular Mass of Polymers
15.4. Biodegradable Polymers
15.5. Polymers of Commercial Importance
16. Chemistry in Everyday Life
16.1. Drugs and their Classification
16.1.1. Classification of Drugs - Pharmacological Effect - Drug Action - Chemical Structure - Molecular Targets
16.2. Drug Target Interaction
16.2.1. Enzymes as Drug Targets - Catalytic Action of Enzymes - Drug-Enzyme Interaction
16.2.1. Enzymes as Drug Targets - Catalytic Action of Enzymes - Drug-Enzyme Interaction
16.2.2. Receptors as Drug Targets
16.3. Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs & 16.3.1. Antacids
16.3.2. Antihistamins
16.3.3. Neurologically Active Drugs - Tranquilizers - Analgesics
16.3.4. Antimicrobials a) Antibiotics
b) Antiseptics and Disinfectants
16.3.5. Anti-fertility Drugs
16.4. Chemicals in Food & 16.4.1. Artificial Sweetening Agents
16.4.2. Food Preservatives
16.5. Cleansing Agents - 16.5.1. Soaps
16.5.2. Synthetic Detergents