10. Wave Optics

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Huygens Principle

10.3. Refraction and Reflection of Plane Waves using Huygens Principle

10.3.1. Refraction of a Plane Wave

10.3.2. Refraction of a Rarer Medium

10.3.3. Reflection of a Plane Wave by a Plane Surface

10.3.4. The Doppler Effect

10.3.4. The Doppler Effect

10.4. Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves

10.5. Inference of Light Waves and Young's Experiment

10.6. Diffraction

10.6.1. The Single Slit

10.6.2. Seeing the Single Slit Diffraction Pattern

10.6.3. Resolving Power of Optical Instruments

10.6.4. The Validity of Ray Optics

10.7. Polarisation

10.7.1. Polarisation by Scattering

10.7.2. Polarisation by Reflection

1. Electric Charges and Fields

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Electric Charge

1.3. Conductors and Insulators

1.4. Charging by Induction

1.5. Basic Properties of Electric Charge - Additivity of Charges - Charge is Conserved - Quantisation of Charge

1.6. Coulomb's Law

1.7. Forces between Multiple Charges

1.8. Electric Field - Electric Field due to a System of Charges - Physical Significance of Electric Field

1.9. Electric Field Lines

1.10. Electric Flux

1.11. Electric Dipole

1.11.1. The Field of an Electric Dipole

1.11.2. Physical Significance of Electric Dipoles

1.12. Dipole in a Uniform External Field

1.13. Continuous Charge Distribution

1.14. Gauss's Law

1.15. Applications of Gauss's Law

1.15.1. Field due to an Infinitely Long Straight Uniformly Charged Wire

1.15.2. Field due to a Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet

1.15.3. Field due to a Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell

2. Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Electrostatic Potential

2.3. Potential Due to a Point Charge

2.4. Potential Due to an Electric Dipole

2.5. Potential Due to a System of Charges

2.6. Equipotential Surfaces

2.6.1.1. Relation between n Field and Potential

2.7. Potential Energy of a System of Charges

2.8. Potential Energy in an External Field - Potential Energy of a Single Charge - Potential Energy of a System of Two Charges in an External Field - Potential Energy of a Dipole in an External Field

2.9. Electrostatics of Conductors

2.10. Dielectrics and Polarisation

2.11. Capacitors and Capacitance

2.12. The Parallel Plate Capacitor

2.13. Effect of Dielectric and Capacitance

2.14. Combination of Capacitors - Capacitors in Series - Capacitors in Parallel

2.15. Energy Stored in a Capacitor

2.16. Van De Graaff Generator

3. Current Electricity

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Electric Current

3.3. Electric Currents in Conductors

3.4. Ohm's Law

3.5. Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity - Mobility

3.6. Limitations of Ohm's Law

3.7. Resistivity of Various Materials

3.8. Temperature Dependance of Resistivity

3.9. Electrical Energy, Power

3.10. Combination of Resistors – Series and Parallel

3.11. Cells, EMF, Internal Resistance

3.12. Cells in Series and in Parallel

3.13. Kirchhoff's Rules

3.13. Kirchhoff's Rules

3.13. Kirchhoff's Rules

3.14. Wheatstone Bridge

3.14. Wheatstone Bridge

3.15. Meter Bridge

3.16. Potentiometer

4.Moving Charges and Magnetism

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Magnetic Force

4.2.1. Sources and Fields

4.2.2. Magnetic Field, Lorentz Force

4.2.3. Magnetic Force on a Current-carrying Conductor

4.3. Motion in a Magnetic Field

4.4. Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields

4.4.1. Velocity Selector

4.4.2. Cyclotron

4.5. Magnetic Field due to a Current Element, Biot-Savart Law

4.6. Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop

4.7. Ampere's Circuital Law

4.8. The Solenoid and the Toroid - The Solenoid - The Toroid

4.9. Force between Two Parallel Currents, the Ampere

4.10. Torque on Current Loop, Magnetic Dipole

4.10.1. Torque on a Rectangular Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field

4.10.2. Circular Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole

4.10.3. The Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving Electron

4.11. The Moving Coil Galvonometer

5. Magnetism and Matter

5.1. Introduction

5.2. The Bar Magnet

5.2.1. The Magnetic Field Lines

5.2.2. Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid

5.2.3. The Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field

5.2.4. The Electrostatic Analog

5.3. Magnetism and Gauss's Law

5.4. The Earth's Magnetism

5.4.1. Magnetic Declination and Dip

5.5. Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity

5.6. Magnetic Properties of Materials

5.6.1. Diamagnetism - Paramagnetism

5.6.3. Ferromagnetism

5.7. Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets

6. Electromagnetic Induction

6.1. Introduction

6.2. The Experiments of Faraday and Henry

6.3. Magnetic Flux

6.4. Faraday's Magnetic Law of Induction

6.5. Lenz's Law and Conservation of Energy

6.6. Motional Electromotive Force

6.7. Energy Consideration: A Quantitative Study

6.8. Eddy Currents

6.9. Inductance

6.9.1. Mutual Inductance

6.9.2. Self-inductance

6.10. AC Generator

7. Alternating Current

7.1. Introduction

7.2. AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor

7.3. Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors – Phasors

7.4. AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor

7.5. AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor

7.6. AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit

7.6.1. Phasor-diagram Solution

7.6.2. Analytical Solution

7.6.3. Resonance

7.7. Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor

7.8. LC Oscillations

7.9 Transformers

8. Electromagnetic Waves

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Displacement Current

8.3. Electromagnetic Waves

8.3.1. Sources of Electromagnetic Waves

8.3.1. Sources of Electromagnetic Waves

8.3.2. Nature of Electromagnetic Waves

8.4. Electromagnetic Spectrum

8.4.1 - 4.3. Radio Waves - Micro Waves - Infrared Waves

8.4.4. Visible Rays

8.4.5. Ultraviolet Rays

8.4.6. X-rays

8.4.7. Gamma Rays

9. Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors

9.2.1. Sign Convention

9.2.2. Focal Length of Spherical Mirrors

9.2.3. The Mirror Equation

9.3. Refraction

9.4. Total Internal Reflection

9.4.1. Total Internal Reflection in Nature and its Technological Applications

9.5. Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses

9.5.1. Refraction at a Spherical Surface

9.5.2. Refraction by a Lens

9.5.3. Power of a Lens

9.5.4. Combination of Thin Lenses in Contact

9.6. Refraction through a Prism

9.7. Dispersion by a Prism

9.8. Some Natural Phenomena due to Sun Light

9.8.1. The Rainbow

9.8.2. Scattering of Light

9.9. Optical Instruments

9.9. Optical Instruments

9.9. Optical Instruments

9.9.1. The Eye

9.9.2. The Microscope

9.9.3. Telescope

11. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Electron Emission

11.3. Photoelectric Effect

11.3.1. Hertz's Observations

11.3.2. Hallwach's and Lenard's Observation

11.4. Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect

11.4.1. Effect of Intensity of Light on Photo-current

11.4.2. Effect of Potential on Photoelectric Current

11.4.3. Effect of Frequency of Incident Radiation on Stopping Potential

11.5. Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light

11.6. Einstein\s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation

11.7. Practical Nature of Light: The Photon

11.8. Wave Nature of Matter

11.9 Davisson and Germer Experiment

12. Atoms

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Alpha-Particle Scattering and Rutherford's Nuclear Model of Atom

12.2.1. Alpha-Particle Trajectory

12.2.2. Electron Orbits

12.3. Atomic Spectra

12.3.1. Spectral Series

12.4. Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom

12.4.1. Energy Levels

12.5. The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom

12.6. De Broglie's Explanation of Bohr's Second Postulate of Quantisation

12.6. De Broglie's Explanation of Bohr's Second Postulate of Quantisation

13. Nuclei

13.1. Introduction

13.2. Atomic Masses and Composition of Nuclei

13.3. Size of the Nucleus

13.4. Mass-Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy

13.4.1. Mass-Energy

13.4.2. Nuclear Binding Energy

13.5. Nuclear Force

13.6. Radioactivity

13.6.1. Law of Radioactive Decay

13.6.2. Alpha Decay - 13.6.3. Beta Decay - 13.6.4. Gamma Decay

13.7. Nuclear Energy - 13.7.1. Fission

13.7.2. Nuclear Reactor

13.7.3. Nuclear Fusion – Energy Generation in Stars

13.7.4. Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion

14. Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits

14.1. Introduction

14.2. Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors

14.3. Intrinsic Semiconductor

14.4. Extrinsic Semiconductor

14.5. p-n Junction

14.5.1. p-n Junction Formation

14.6. Semiconductor Diode

14.6.1. p-n Junction Diode under Forward Bias & 14.6.2. p-n Junction Diode under Reverse Bias

14.7. Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier

14.8. Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes

14.8.1. Zener Diode

14.8.2. Optoelectronic Junction Devices

14.9. Junction Transistor

14.9.1. Transistor: Structure and Action

14.9.2. Basic Transistor Circuit Configurations and Transistor Characteristics

14.9.3. Transistor as a Device

14.9.4. Transistor as an Amplifier (CE-Configuration)

14.9.5. Feedback Amplifier and Transistor Oscillator

14.10. Digital Electronics and Logic Gates - 14.10.1. Logic Gates

14.11. Integrated Circuits

15. Communication Systems

15.1. Introduction

15.2. Elements of Communication System

15.3. Basic Terminology used in Electronic Communication Systems

15.4. Bandwidth of Signals

15.5. Bandwidth of Transmission Medium

15.6. Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves - Ground Wave - Sky Waves - Space Wave

15.6. Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves - Ground Wave - Sky Waves - Space Wave

15.7. Modulation and its Necessity - Size of the Antenna or Aerial - Effective Power Radiated by an Antenna - Mixing Up of Signals from Different Transmitters

15.7. Modulation and its Necessity - Size of the Antenna or Aerial - Effective Power Radiated by an Antenna - Mixing Up of Signals from Different Transmitters

15.8. Amplitude Modulation

15.9. Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave

15.10 Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave