నెల్లూరు: మనుబోలు మండలం బద్వేలు క్రాస్రోడ్డు దగ్గర కారు బోల్తా, ముగ్గురికి గాయాలు|కర్నూలు: 16 వ రోజు జగన్ ప్రజా సంకల్ప యాత్ర|రంగారెడ్డి: మైలార్దేవ్పల్లిలో కింగ్స్ కాలనీలో ముస్తఫా అనే వ్యక్తిపై దుండగుల కాల్పులు|కడప: జగన్ సీఎం అయితే తన ఆస్తులు పెరుగుతాయి..చంద్రబాబు సీఎంగా ఉంటే ప్రజల ఆస్తులు పెరుగుతాయి: మంత్రి సోమిరెడ్డి|సిరిసిల్ల: అన్ని గ్రామాల్లో కేసీఆర్ గ్రామీణ ప్రగతి ప్రాంగణాలు నిర్మిస్తాం: మంత్రి కేటీఆర్|హైదరాబాద్: బంజారాహిల్స్ పోలీస్ స్టేషన్లో యూసుఫ్గూడ కార్పొరేటర్ తమ్ముడిపై కేసు నమోదు|అమరావతి: చీఫ్విప్గా పల్లె రఘునాథరెడ్డి పేరు, శాసనమండలి చీఫ్ విప్గా పయ్యావుల కేశవ్ పేరు ఖరారు|అనంతపురం: జెట్ ఎయిర్వేస్లో ఉద్యోగాల పేరుతో మోసం, రూ.14 లక్షలు వసూలు చేసిన యువకుడు|ఢిల్లీ: సరి, బేసి విధానానికి ఎన్జీటీ గ్రీన్సిగ్నల్, కాలుష్యం పెరిగినప్పుడు అమలు చేసుకోవచ్చన్న ఎన్జీటీ|శ్రీకాకుళం: వైసీపీ ఎమ్మెల్యేల గొంతు నొక్కుతున్నారు.. నిరసనగా అసెంబ్లీని బహిష్కరించాం: వైసీపీ నేత ధర్మాన
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PHYSICS
10. Wave Optics
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Huygens Principle
10.3. Refraction and Reflection of Plane Waves using Huygens Principle
10.3.1. Refraction of a Plane Wave
10.3.2. Refraction of a Rarer Medium
10.3.3. Reflection of a Plane Wave by a Plane Surface
10.3.4. The Doppler Effect
10.3.4. The Doppler Effect
10.4. Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves
10.5. Inference of Light Waves and Young's Experiment
10.6. Diffraction
10.6.1. The Single Slit
10.6.2. Seeing the Single Slit Diffraction Pattern
10.6.3. Resolving Power of Optical Instruments
10.6.4. The Validity of Ray Optics
10.7. Polarisation
10.7.1. Polarisation by Scattering
10.7.2. Polarisation by Reflection
1. Electric Charges and Fields
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Electric Charge
1.3. Conductors and Insulators
1.4. Charging by Induction
1.5. Basic Properties of Electric Charge - Additivity of Charges - Charge is Conserved - Quantisation of Charge
1.6. Coulomb's Law
1.7. Forces between Multiple Charges
1.8. Electric Field - Electric Field due to a System of Charges - Physical Significance of Electric Field
1.9. Electric Field Lines
1.10. Electric Flux
1.11. Electric Dipole
1.11.1. The Field of an Electric Dipole
1.11.2. Physical Significance of Electric Dipoles
1.12. Dipole in a Uniform External Field
1.13. Continuous Charge Distribution
1.14. Gauss's Law
1.15. Applications of Gauss's Law
1.15.1. Field due to an Infinitely Long Straight Uniformly Charged Wire
1.15.2. Field due to a Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet
1.15.3. Field due to a Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell
2. Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Electrostatic Potential
2.3. Potential Due to a Point Charge
2.4. Potential Due to an Electric Dipole
2.5. Potential Due to a System of Charges
2.6. Equipotential Surfaces
2.6.1.1. Relation between n Field and Potential
2.7. Potential Energy of a System of Charges
2.8. Potential Energy in an External Field - Potential Energy of a Single Charge - Potential Energy of a System of Two Charges in an External Field - Potential Energy of a Dipole in an External Field
2.9. Electrostatics of Conductors
2.10. Dielectrics and Polarisation
2.11. Capacitors and Capacitance
2.12. The Parallel Plate Capacitor
2.13. Effect of Dielectric and Capacitance
2.14. Combination of Capacitors - Capacitors in Series - Capacitors in Parallel
2.15. Energy Stored in a Capacitor
2.16. Van De Graaff Generator
3. Current Electricity
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Electric Current
3.3. Electric Currents in Conductors
3.4. Ohm's Law
3.5. Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity - Mobility
3.6. Limitations of Ohm's Law
3.7. Resistivity of Various Materials
3.8. Temperature Dependance of Resistivity
3.9. Electrical Energy, Power
3.10. Combination of Resistors – Series and Parallel
3.11. Cells, EMF, Internal Resistance
3.12. Cells in Series and in Parallel
3.13. Kirchhoff's Rules
3.13. Kirchhoff's Rules
3.13. Kirchhoff's Rules
3.14. Wheatstone Bridge
3.14. Wheatstone Bridge
3.15. Meter Bridge
3.16. Potentiometer
4.Moving Charges and Magnetism
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Magnetic Force
4.2.1. Sources and Fields
4.2.2. Magnetic Field, Lorentz Force
4.2.3. Magnetic Force on a Current-carrying Conductor
4.3. Motion in a Magnetic Field
4.4. Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
4.4.1. Velocity Selector
4.4.2. Cyclotron
4.5. Magnetic Field due to a Current Element, Biot-Savart Law
4.6. Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
4.7. Ampere's Circuital Law
4.8. The Solenoid and the Toroid - The Solenoid - The Toroid
4.9. Force between Two Parallel Currents, the Ampere
4.10. Torque on Current Loop, Magnetic Dipole
4.10.1. Torque on a Rectangular Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
4.10.2. Circular Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole
4.10.3. The Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving Electron
4.11. The Moving Coil Galvonometer
5. Magnetism and Matter
5.1. Introduction
5.2. The Bar Magnet
5.2.1. The Magnetic Field Lines
5.2.2. Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid
5.2.3. The Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field
5.2.4. The Electrostatic Analog
5.3. Magnetism and Gauss's Law
5.4. The Earth's Magnetism
5.4.1. Magnetic Declination and Dip
5.5. Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
5.6. Magnetic Properties of Materials
5.6.1. Diamagnetism - Paramagnetism
5.6.3. Ferromagnetism
5.7. Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets
6. Electromagnetic Induction
6.1. Introduction
6.2. The Experiments of Faraday and Henry
6.3. Magnetic Flux
6.4. Faraday's Magnetic Law of Induction
6.5. Lenz's Law and Conservation of Energy
6.6. Motional Electromotive Force
6.7. Energy Consideration: A Quantitative Study
6.8. Eddy Currents
6.9. Inductance
6.9.1. Mutual Inductance
6.9.2. Self-inductance
6.10. AC Generator
7. Alternating Current
7.1. Introduction
7.2. AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
7.3. Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors – Phasors
7.4. AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
7.5. AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
7.6. AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
7.6.1. Phasor-diagram Solution
7.6.2. Analytical Solution
7.6.3. Resonance
7.7. Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor
7.8. LC Oscillations
7.9 Transformers
8. Electromagnetic Waves
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Displacement Current
8.3. Electromagnetic Waves
8.3.1. Sources of Electromagnetic Waves
8.3.1. Sources of Electromagnetic Waves
8.3.2. Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
8.4. Electromagnetic Spectrum
8.4.1 - 4.3. Radio Waves - Micro Waves - Infrared Waves
8.4.4. Visible Rays
8.4.5. Ultraviolet Rays
8.4.6. X-rays
8.4.7. Gamma Rays
9. Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
9.2.1. Sign Convention
9.2.2. Focal Length of Spherical Mirrors
9.2.3. The Mirror Equation
9.3. Refraction
9.4. Total Internal Reflection
9.4.1. Total Internal Reflection in Nature and its Technological Applications
9.5. Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses
9.5.1. Refraction at a Spherical Surface
9.5.2. Refraction by a Lens
9.5.3. Power of a Lens
9.5.4. Combination of Thin Lenses in Contact
9.6. Refraction through a Prism
9.7. Dispersion by a Prism
9.8. Some Natural Phenomena due to Sun Light
9.8.1. The Rainbow
9.8.2. Scattering of Light
9.9. Optical Instruments
9.9. Optical Instruments
9.9. Optical Instruments
9.9.1. The Eye
9.9.2. The Microscope
9.9.3. Telescope
11. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Electron Emission
11.3. Photoelectric Effect
11.3.1. Hertz's Observations
11.3.2. Hallwach's and Lenard's Observation
11.4. Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
11.4.1. Effect of Intensity of Light on Photo-current
11.4.2. Effect of Potential on Photoelectric Current
11.4.3. Effect of Frequency of Incident Radiation on Stopping Potential
11.5. Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light
11.6. Einstein\s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation
11.7. Practical Nature of Light: The Photon
11.8. Wave Nature of Matter
11.9 Davisson and Germer Experiment
12. Atoms
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Alpha-Particle Scattering and Rutherford's Nuclear Model of Atom
12.2.1. Alpha-Particle Trajectory
12.2.2. Electron Orbits
12.3. Atomic Spectra
12.3.1. Spectral Series
12.4. Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
12.4.1. Energy Levels
12.5. The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom
12.6. De Broglie's Explanation of Bohr's Second Postulate of Quantisation
12.6. De Broglie's Explanation of Bohr's Second Postulate of Quantisation
13. Nuclei
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Atomic Masses and Composition of Nuclei
13.3. Size of the Nucleus
13.4. Mass-Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy
13.4.1. Mass-Energy
13.4.2. Nuclear Binding Energy
13.5. Nuclear Force
13.6. Radioactivity
13.6.1. Law of Radioactive Decay
13.6.2. Alpha Decay - 13.6.3. Beta Decay - 13.6.4. Gamma Decay
13.7. Nuclear Energy - 13.7.1. Fission
13.7.2. Nuclear Reactor
13.7.3. Nuclear Fusion – Energy Generation in Stars
13.7.4. Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion
14. Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors
14.3. Intrinsic Semiconductor
14.4. Extrinsic Semiconductor
14.5. p-n Junction
14.5.1. p-n Junction Formation
14.6. Semiconductor Diode
14.6.1. p-n Junction Diode under Forward Bias & 14.6.2. p-n Junction Diode under Reverse Bias
14.7. Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier
14.8. Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes
14.8.1. Zener Diode
14.8.2. Optoelectronic Junction Devices
14.9. Junction Transistor
14.9.1. Transistor: Structure and Action
14.9.2. Basic Transistor Circuit Configurations and Transistor Characteristics
14.9.3. Transistor as a Device
14.9.4. Transistor as an Amplifier (CE-Configuration)
14.9.5. Feedback Amplifier and Transistor Oscillator
14.10. Digital Electronics and Logic Gates - 14.10.1. Logic Gates
14.11. Integrated Circuits
15. Communication Systems
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Elements of Communication System
15.3. Basic Terminology used in Electronic Communication Systems
15.4. Bandwidth of Signals
15.5. Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
15.6. Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves - Ground Wave - Sky Waves - Space Wave
15.6. Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves - Ground Wave - Sky Waves - Space Wave
15.7. Modulation and its Necessity - Size of the Antenna or Aerial - Effective Power Radiated by an Antenna - Mixing Up of Signals from Different Transmitters
15.7. Modulation and its Necessity - Size of the Antenna or Aerial - Effective Power Radiated by an Antenna - Mixing Up of Signals from Different Transmitters
15.8. Amplitude Modulation
15.9. Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave
15.10 Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave