11.Transport in Plants

11.0.Introduction

11.1. Means of Transport

11.1.1. Diffusion

11.1.2.Facilitated Diffusion

11.1.3. Active Transport

11.1.4. Comparison of Different Transport Processes

11.2. Plant – Water Relations

11.2.1. Water Potential

11.2.2. Osmosis

11.2.3. Plasmolysis

11.2.4. Imbibition

11.3. Long Distance Transport of Water

11.3.1. How do Plants absorb Water?

11.3.2. Water Movement up a Plant

11.3.2.1. Root Pressure

11.3.2.2. Transpiration Pull

11.4. Transpiration

11.4.1. Transpiration and Photosynthesis – a compromise

11.5. Uptake and Transport of Mineral Nutrients

11.5.1. Uptake of Mineral Ions

11.5.2. Translocation of Mineral Ions

11.6. Phloem Transport: Flow from Source to Sink

11.6. Phloem Transport: Flow from Source to Sink

11.6.1. The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis

1.The Living World

1.1. What is Living?

1.2. Diversity of Living Organisms

1.3. Taxonomic Categories – species, Genus, Family

1.3. Taxonomic Categories – species, Genus, Family

1.3. Taxonomic Categories – species, Genus, Family

1.4. Taxonomical Aids

1.4.1. Herbarium

2.Biological Classification

2.0.Introduction

2.1. Kingdom Monera

2.1.1. Archaebacteria

2.1.2. Eubacteria

2.2. Kingdom Protista

2.2.1. Chrysophytes

2.2.2. Dinoflagellates

2.2.3. Euglenoids

2.2.4. Slime Moulds

2.2.5. Protozoans

2.3. Kingdom Fungi

2.3.1. Phycomycetes

2.3.2. Ascomycetes

2.3.3. Basidiomycetes

2.3.4. Deuteromycetes

2.4. Kingdom of Plantae

2.5. Kingdom of Animalia

2.6. Viruses, Viroids and Lichens

3.Plant Kingdom

13.0.Introduction

3.1. Algae

3.1.1. Chlorophyceae

3.1.2. Phaeophyceae

3.1.3. Rhodophyceae

3.2. Bryophytes

3.2.1. Liverworts

3.2.2. Mosses

3.3. Pteridophytes

3.4. Gymnosperms

3.5. Angiosperms

3.6. Plant Life Cycles and Alternation of Generations

4.Animal Kingdom

4.1. Basis of Classification

.1.1. Levels of Organisation

4.1.2. Symmetry

4.1.3. Diploblastic and Triploblastic Organisation

4.1.4. Coelom

4.1.5. Segrementation

4.1.6. Notochord

4.2. Classification of Animals

4.2.1. Phylum - Porifera

4.2.2. Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria)

4.2.3. Phylum – Ctenophora

4.2.4. Phylum - Platyhelminthes

4.2.5. Phylum – Aschelmenthis

4.2.6. Phylum - Annelida

4.2.7. Phylum - Arthropoda

4.2.8. Phylum - Molluska

4.2.9. Phylum - Echinodermata

4.2.10. Phylum - Hemichordata

4.2.11. Phylum - Chordata

4.2.11.1. Class - Cyclostamata

4.2.11.2. Class- Chondrichthyes

4.2.11.3. Class – Osteichthyes

4.2.11.4. Class – Amphibia

4.2.11.5. Class – Reptilia

4.2.11.6. Class – Aves

4.2.11.7. Class – Mammalia

5.Morphology of Flowering Plants

5.1. The Root

5.1.1. Regions of the Root

5.2. The Stem

5.2.1. Modifications of Stem

5.3. The Leaf

5.3.1. Venation

5.3.2. Types of Leaves

5.3.3. Phyllotaxy

5.3.4. Modifications of Leaves

5.4. The Inflorescence

5.5. The Flower

5.5.1. Parts of a Flower

5.5.1.1. Calyx

5.5.1.2. Corolla

5.5.1.3. Androecium

5.5.1.4. Gynoecium

5.6. The Fruit

5.7. The Seed

5.7.1. Structure of the Dicotyledonous Seed

5.7.2. Structure of the Monocotyledonous Seed

5.8. Semi-technical Description of a Typical Flowering Plant

5.9. Description of Some Important Families

5.9.1. Fabaceae

5.9.2. Solanaceae

5.9.3. Liliaceae

6.Anatomy of Flowering Plants

6.1. The Tissues

6.1.1. Meristematic Tissues

6.1.2. Permanent Tissues

6.1.2.1. Simple Tissues

6.1.2.2. Complex Tissues

6.2. The Tissue System

6.2.1. The Epidermal Tissue System

6.2.2. The Ground Tissue System

6.2.3. The Vascular Tissue System

6.3. Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants

6.3. Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants

6.3.1. Dicotyledonous Root

6.3.2. Monocotyledonous Root

6.3.3. Dicotyledonous Stem

6.3.4. Monocotyledonous Stem

6.3.5. Dorsiventral (Dicotyledonous) Leaf

6.3.6. Isobilateral (Monocotyledonous) Leaf

6.4. Secondary Growth

6.4.1. Vascular Cambium

6.4.1.1. Formation of Cambial Ring

6.4.1.2. Activity of the Cambial Ring

6.4.1.3. Spring Wood & Autumn Wood

6.4.1.4. Heartwood & Sapwood

6.4.2. Cork Cambium

6.4.3. Secondary Growth in Roots

7.Structural Organisation in Animals

7.1. Animal Tissues

7.1.1. Epithelial Tissue

7.1.2. Connective Tissue

7.1.3. Muscle Tissue

7.1.4. Neural Tissue

7.2. Organ and Organ System

7.3. Earthworm

7.3.1. Morphology

7.3.2. Anatomy

7.4. Cockroach

7.4.1. Morphology

7.4.2. Anatomy

7.5. Frogs - Morphology - Anatomy

8.The Unit of Life

8.1. What is a Cell?

8.2. Cell Theory

8.3. An Overview of Cell

8.4. Prokaryotic Cells

8.4.1. Cell Envelop and its Modification

8.4.2. Ribosomes and Inclusion Bodies

8.5. Eukaryotic Cells

8.5.1. Cell Membrane

8.5.2. Cell Wall

8.5.3. Endomembrane System

8.5.3.1. Endoplasmic Reticulum

8.5.3.2. Golgi Apparatus

8.5.3.3. Lysosomes

8.5.3.4. Vacuoles

8.5.4. Mytochondria

8.5.5. Plastids

8.5.6. Ribosomes

8.5.7. Cytoskeleton

8.5.8. Cilia and Flagella

8.5.9. Centrosome and Centrioles

8.5.10. Nucleus

8.5.11. Microbodies

9.Biomolecules

9.0.Introduction

9.1. How to Analyse Chemical Composition

9.2. Primary and Secondary Metabolites

9.3. Biomacromolucules

9.4. Proteins

9.5. Polysaccharides

9.6. Nucleic Acids

9.7. Structure of Proteins

9.8. Nature of Bond Linking Monomers in a Polymer

9.9. Dynamic State of Body Constituents – Concept of Metabolism

9.10. Metabolic Basis for Living

9.11. The Living State

9.12. Enzymes

9.12.1. Chemical Reactions

9.12.2. How do Enzymes bring about such High Rates of Chemical Conversions?

9.12.3. Nature of Enzyme Action

9.12.4. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity?

9.12.5. Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes

9.12.6. Co-factors

10. Cell Cycle and Cell Division

10.0.Introduction

10.1. Cell Cycle

Phases of Cell Cycle - M Phase - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase

10.2.5. Cytokinesis

10.3. Significance of Mitosis

10.4. Meiosis

10.4.1. Meiosis - I

10.4.2. Meiosis - II

10.5. Significance of Meiosis

12.Mineral Nutrition

12.0. Introduction

12.1. Methods to Study the Mineral Requirements of Plants

12.2. Essential Mineral Elements

12.2. Essential Mineral Elements

12.2. Essential Mineral Elements

12.2. Essential Mineral Elements

12.2. Essential Mineral Elements

12.2.1. Criteria for Essentiality

12.2.2. Role of Macro and Micro Nutrients

12.2.3. Deficiency Symptoms of Essential Elements

12.2.4. Toxicity of Micro Nutrients

12.3. Mechanism of Absorption of Elements

12.4. Translocation of Solutes

12.5. Soil as Reservoir of Essential Elements

12.6. Metabolism and Nitrogen - 12.6.1. Nitrogen Cycle

12.6.2. Biological Nitrogen Fixation

12.6.2. Biological Nitrogen Fixation

13.Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

13.1. What do We Know?

13.2. Early Experiments

13.3. Where does Photosynthesis Takes Place?

13.4. How many Pigments Takes Place in Photosynthesis?

13.5. What is Light Reaction?

13.6. The Electron Transport

13.6.1. The Splitting of Water

13.6.2. Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Photo-Phosphorylation

13.6.3. Chemeosmotic Hypothesis

13.6.3. Chemeosmotic Hypothesis

13.7. Where are the ATP and NAPDH used?

13.7.1. The Primary Acceptor of CO2

13.7.2. The Calvin Cycle

13.8. The C4 Pathway

13.9. Photo Respiration

13.10. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis - Light - Carbon Dioxide Concentration - Temperature - Water

14.Respiration in Plants

14.1. Do Plants Breath?

14.2. Glycolysis

14.3. Fermentation

14.4. Aerobic Respiration

14.4. Aerobic Respiration

14.4.1. Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

14.4.2. Electron Transport System and Oxidative Phosphorylation

14.5. The Respiratory Balance Sheet

14.6. Amphibolic Pathway

14.7. Respiratory Quotient

15.Plant Growth and Development

15.0.Introduction

15.1. Growth

15.1.1. Plant Growth Generally is Indeterminable

15.1.2. Growth is Measurable

15.1.3. Phases of Growth

15.1.4. Growth Rates

15.1.5. Conditions of Growth

15.2. Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Re-differentiation

15.3 - 4.1. Development - Regulators - Characteristics

15.4.2. The Discovery of Plant Growth Regulators

15.4.3. & 3.1 Physiological Effects of Plant Growth Regulators - Auxins

15.4.3.2. Gibberellins

15.4.3.3. Cytokinins

15.4.3.4. Ethylene

15.4.3.5. Absisic Acid

15.5. Photoperiodism

15.6. Vernalisation

16.Digestion and Absorption

16.0.Introduction

16.1. Digestive System

16.1.1. Alimentary Canal

16.1.2. Digestive Glands

16.2. Digestion of Food

16.2. Digestion of Food

16.2. Digestion of Food

16.3. Absorption of Digested Products

16.4. Disorders of Digestive System

17.Breathing and Exchange of Gases

17.0.Introduction

17.1. Respiratory Organs

17.1.1.Human Respiratory System

17.1.1.Human Respiratory System

17.2. Mechanism of Breathing

17.2.1. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

17.3. Exchange of Gases

17.4. Transport of Gases

17.4.1. Transport of Oxygen

17.4.2. Transport of Carbon Dioxide

17.5. Regulation of Respiration

17.6. Disorders of Respiratory System

18.Body Fluids and Circulation

18.1. Blood

18.1.1. Plasma

18.1.2. Formed Elements

18.1.3. Blood Groups

18.1.3.1. ABO Grouping

18.1.3.2. rh Grouping

18.1.4. Coagulation of Blood

18.2. Lymph (Tissue Fluid)

18.3. Circulatory Pathways

18.3.1. Human Circulatory System

18.3.2. Cardiac Cycle

18.3.3. Electrocardiograph

18.4. Double Circulation

18.5. Regulation of Cardiac Activity

18.6. Disorders of Circulatory System

19.Excretary Products and Their Elimination

19.1. Human Excretory System

19.2. Urine Formation

19.3. Function of the Tubules

19.4. Mechanism of Concentration of the Filtrate

19.5. Regulation of Kidney Function

19.6. Micturition

19.7. Role of Other Organs in Excretion

19.8. Disorders of Excretory System

20. Locomotion and Movement

20.0.Introduction

20.1. Types of Movement

20.2. Muscle

20.2.1. Structure of Contractile Proteins

20.2.2. Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

20.3. Skeletal System

20.4. Joints

20.5. Disorders of Muscular and Skeletar System

21. Neural Control and Coordination

21.0.Introduction

21.1. Neural System

21.2. Human Neural System

21.2. Human Neural System

21.3. Neuron as Structural and Functional Unit of Neural System

21.3.1. Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulse

21.3.2. Transmission of Impulses

21.4. Central Neural System

21.4. Fore Brain - Mid Brain - Hind Brain

21.5. Reflex Action and Reflex Arc

21.5. Reflex Action and Reflex Arc

21.6. Sensory Reception and Processing

21.6. Sensory Reception and Processing

21.6. Sensory Reception and Processing

21.6. Sensory Reception and Processing

21.6. Sensory Reception and Processing

21.6.1. &1.1. Eye - Parts of Eye

21.6.1.2. Mechanism of Vision

21.6.2. The Ear

21.6.2. The Ear

22. Chemical Coordination and Integration

22.1. Endocrine Glands and Hormones

22.2. Human Endocrine System

22.2.1. Hypothalamus

22.2.2. The Pituitary Gland

22.2.3. The Pineal Gland

22.2.4. Thyroid Gland

22.2.5 Parathyroid Gland

22.2.6. Thymus Gland

22.2.7. Adrenal Gland

22.2.8. Pancreas

22.2.8. Pancreas

22.2.9. Testis

22.2.10. Ovary

22.3. Hormones of Heart, Kidney and Gastrointestinal Tract

22.4. Mechanism of Hormone Action