నెల్లూరు: మనుబోలు మండలం బద్వేలు క్రాస్‌రోడ్డు దగ్గర కారు బోల్తా, ముగ్గురికి గాయాలు|కర్నూలు: 16 వ రోజు జగన్ ప్రజా సంకల్ప యాత్ర|రంగారెడ్డి: మైలార్‌దేవ్‌పల్లిలో కింగ్స్‌ కాలనీలో ముస్తఫా అనే వ్యక్తిపై దుండగుల కాల్పులు|కడప: జగన్ సీఎం అయితే తన ఆస్తులు పెరుగుతాయి..చంద్రబాబు సీఎంగా ఉంటే ప్రజల ఆస్తులు పెరుగుతాయి: మంత్రి సోమిరెడ్డి|సిరిసిల్ల: అన్ని గ్రామాల్లో కేసీఆర్ గ్రామీణ ప్రగతి ప్రాంగణాలు నిర్మిస్తాం: మంత్రి కేటీఆర్|హైదరాబాద్: బంజారాహిల్స్ పోలీస్‌ స్టేషన్‌లో యూసుఫ్‌గూడ కార్పొరేటర్ తమ్ముడిపై కేసు నమోదు|అమరావతి: చీఫ్‌విప్‌గా పల్లె రఘునాథరెడ్డి పేరు, శాసనమండలి చీఫ్‌ విప్‌గా పయ్యావుల కేశవ్‌ పేరు ఖరారు|అనంతపురం: జెట్ ఎయిర్‌వేస్‌లో ఉద్యోగాల పేరుతో మోసం, రూ.14 లక్షలు వసూలు చేసిన యువకుడు|ఢిల్లీ: సరి, బేసి విధానానికి ఎన్జీటీ గ్రీన్‌సిగ్నల్, కాలుష్యం పెరిగినప్పుడు అమలు చేసుకోవచ్చన్న ఎన్జీటీ|శ్రీకాకుళం: వైసీపీ ఎమ్మెల్యేల గొంతు నొక్కుతున్నారు.. నిరసనగా అసెంబ్లీని బహిష్కరించాం: వైసీపీ నేత ధర్మాన
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BIOLOGY
11.Transport in Plants
11.0.Introduction
11.1. Means of Transport
11.1.1. Diffusion
11.1.2.Facilitated Diffusion
11.1.3. Active Transport
11.1.4. Comparison of Different Transport Processes
11.2. Plant – Water Relations
11.2.1. Water Potential
11.2.2. Osmosis
11.2.3. Plasmolysis
11.2.4. Imbibition
11.3. Long Distance Transport of Water
11.3.1. How do Plants absorb Water?
11.3.2. Water Movement up a Plant
11.3.2.1. Root Pressure
11.3.2.2. Transpiration Pull
11.4. Transpiration
11.4.1. Transpiration and Photosynthesis – a compromise
11.5. Uptake and Transport of Mineral Nutrients
11.5.1. Uptake of Mineral Ions
11.5.2. Translocation of Mineral Ions
11.6. Phloem Transport: Flow from Source to Sink
11.6. Phloem Transport: Flow from Source to Sink
11.6.1. The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis
1.The Living World
1.1. What is Living?
1.2. Diversity of Living Organisms
1.3. Taxonomic Categories – species, Genus, Family
1.3. Taxonomic Categories – species, Genus, Family
1.3. Taxonomic Categories – species, Genus, Family
1.4. Taxonomical Aids
1.4.1. Herbarium
2.Biological Classification
2.0.Introduction
2.1. Kingdom Monera
2.1.1. Archaebacteria
2.1.2. Eubacteria
2.2. Kingdom Protista
2.2.1. Chrysophytes
2.2.2. Dinoflagellates
2.2.3. Euglenoids
2.2.4. Slime Moulds
2.2.5. Protozoans
2.3. Kingdom Fungi
2.3.1. Phycomycetes
2.3.2. Ascomycetes
2.3.3. Basidiomycetes
2.3.4. Deuteromycetes
2.4. Kingdom of Plantae
2.5. Kingdom of Animalia
2.6. Viruses, Viroids and Lichens
3.Plant Kingdom
13.0.Introduction
3.1. Algae
3.1.1. Chlorophyceae
3.1.2. Phaeophyceae
3.1.3. Rhodophyceae
3.2. Bryophytes
3.2.1. Liverworts
3.2.2. Mosses
3.3. Pteridophytes
3.4. Gymnosperms
3.5. Angiosperms
3.6. Plant Life Cycles and Alternation of Generations
4.Animal Kingdom
4.1. Basis of Classification
.1.1. Levels of Organisation
4.1.2. Symmetry
4.1.3. Diploblastic and Triploblastic Organisation
4.1.4. Coelom
4.1.5. Segrementation
4.1.6. Notochord
4.2. Classification of Animals
4.2.1. Phylum - Porifera
4.2.2. Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
4.2.3. Phylum – Ctenophora
4.2.4. Phylum - Platyhelminthes
4.2.5. Phylum – Aschelmenthis
4.2.6. Phylum - Annelida
4.2.7. Phylum - Arthropoda
4.2.8. Phylum - Molluska
4.2.9. Phylum - Echinodermata
4.2.10. Phylum - Hemichordata
4.2.11. Phylum - Chordata
4.2.11.1. Class - Cyclostamata
4.2.11.2. Class- Chondrichthyes
4.2.11.3. Class – Osteichthyes
4.2.11.4. Class – Amphibia
4.2.11.5. Class – Reptilia
4.2.11.6. Class – Aves
4.2.11.7. Class – Mammalia
5.Morphology of Flowering Plants
5.1. The Root
5.1.1. Regions of the Root
5.2. The Stem
5.2.1. Modifications of Stem
5.3. The Leaf
5.3.1. Venation
5.3.2. Types of Leaves
5.3.3. Phyllotaxy
5.3.4. Modifications of Leaves
5.4. The Inflorescence
5.5. The Flower
5.5.1. Parts of a Flower
5.5.1.1. Calyx
5.5.1.2. Corolla
5.5.1.3. Androecium
5.5.1.4. Gynoecium
5.6. The Fruit
5.7. The Seed
5.7.1. Structure of the Dicotyledonous Seed
5.7.2. Structure of the Monocotyledonous Seed
5.8. Semi-technical Description of a Typical Flowering Plant
5.9. Description of Some Important Families
5.9.1. Fabaceae
5.9.2. Solanaceae
5.9.3. Liliaceae
6.Anatomy of Flowering Plants
6.1. The Tissues
6.1.1. Meristematic Tissues
6.1.2. Permanent Tissues
6.1.2.1. Simple Tissues
6.1.2.2. Complex Tissues
6.2. The Tissue System
6.2.1. The Epidermal Tissue System
6.2.2. The Ground Tissue System
6.2.3. The Vascular Tissue System
6.3. Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants
6.3. Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants
6.3.1. Dicotyledonous Root
6.3.2. Monocotyledonous Root
6.3.3. Dicotyledonous Stem
6.3.4. Monocotyledonous Stem
6.3.5. Dorsiventral (Dicotyledonous) Leaf
6.3.6. Isobilateral (Monocotyledonous) Leaf
6.4. Secondary Growth
6.4.1. Vascular Cambium
6.4.1.1. Formation of Cambial Ring
6.4.1.2. Activity of the Cambial Ring
6.4.1.3. Spring Wood & Autumn Wood
6.4.1.4. Heartwood & Sapwood
6.4.2. Cork Cambium
6.4.3. Secondary Growth in Roots
7.Structural Organisation in Animals
7.1. Animal Tissues
7.1.1. Epithelial Tissue
7.1.2. Connective Tissue
7.1.3. Muscle Tissue
7.1.4. Neural Tissue
7.2. Organ and Organ System
7.3. Earthworm
7.3.1. Morphology
7.3.2. Anatomy
7.4. Cockroach
7.4.1. Morphology
7.4.2. Anatomy
7.5. Frogs - Morphology - Anatomy
8.The Unit of Life
8.1. What is a Cell?
8.2. Cell Theory
8.3. An Overview of Cell
8.4. Prokaryotic Cells
8.4.1. Cell Envelop and its Modification
8.4.2. Ribosomes and Inclusion Bodies
8.5. Eukaryotic Cells
8.5.1. Cell Membrane
8.5.2. Cell Wall
8.5.3. Endomembrane System
8.5.3.1. Endoplasmic Reticulum
8.5.3.2. Golgi Apparatus
8.5.3.3. Lysosomes
8.5.3.4. Vacuoles
8.5.4. Mytochondria
8.5.5. Plastids
8.5.6. Ribosomes
8.5.7. Cytoskeleton
8.5.8. Cilia and Flagella
8.5.9. Centrosome and Centrioles
8.5.10. Nucleus
8.5.11. Microbodies
9.Biomolecules
9.0.Introduction
9.1. How to Analyse Chemical Composition
9.2. Primary and Secondary Metabolites
9.3. Biomacromolucules
9.4. Proteins
9.5. Polysaccharides
9.6. Nucleic Acids
9.7. Structure of Proteins
9.8. Nature of Bond Linking Monomers in a Polymer
9.9. Dynamic State of Body Constituents – Concept of Metabolism
9.10. Metabolic Basis for Living
9.11. The Living State
9.12. Enzymes
9.12.1. Chemical Reactions
9.12.2. How do Enzymes bring about such High Rates of Chemical Conversions?
9.12.3. Nature of Enzyme Action
9.12.4. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity?
9.12.5. Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes
9.12.6. Co-factors
10. Cell Cycle and Cell Division
10.0.Introduction
10.1. Cell Cycle
Phases of Cell Cycle - M Phase - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase
10.2.5. Cytokinesis
10.3. Significance of Mitosis
10.4. Meiosis
10.4.1. Meiosis - I
10.4.2. Meiosis - II
10.5. Significance of Meiosis
12.Mineral Nutrition
12.0. Introduction
12.1. Methods to Study the Mineral Requirements of Plants
12.2. Essential Mineral Elements
12.2. Essential Mineral Elements
12.2. Essential Mineral Elements
12.2. Essential Mineral Elements
12.2. Essential Mineral Elements
12.2.1. Criteria for Essentiality
12.2.2. Role of Macro and Micro Nutrients
12.2.3. Deficiency Symptoms of Essential Elements
12.2.4. Toxicity of Micro Nutrients
12.3. Mechanism of Absorption of Elements
12.4. Translocation of Solutes
12.5. Soil as Reservoir of Essential Elements
12.6. Metabolism and Nitrogen - 12.6.1. Nitrogen Cycle
12.6.2. Biological Nitrogen Fixation
12.6.2. Biological Nitrogen Fixation
13.Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
13.1. What do We Know?
13.2. Early Experiments
13.3. Where does Photosynthesis Takes Place?
13.4. How many Pigments Takes Place in Photosynthesis?
13.5. What is Light Reaction?
13.6. The Electron Transport
13.6.1. The Splitting of Water
13.6.2. Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Photo-Phosphorylation
13.6.3. Chemeosmotic Hypothesis
13.6.3. Chemeosmotic Hypothesis
13.7. Where are the ATP and NAPDH used?
13.7.1. The Primary Acceptor of CO2
13.7.2. The Calvin Cycle
13.8. The C4 Pathway
13.9. Photo Respiration
13.10. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis - Light - Carbon Dioxide Concentration - Temperature - Water
14.Respiration in Plants
14.1. Do Plants Breath?
14.2. Glycolysis
14.3. Fermentation
14.4. Aerobic Respiration
14.4. Aerobic Respiration
14.4.1. Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
14.4.2. Electron Transport System and Oxidative Phosphorylation
14.5. The Respiratory Balance Sheet
14.6. Amphibolic Pathway
14.7. Respiratory Quotient
15.Plant Growth and Development
15.0.Introduction
15.1. Growth
15.1.1. Plant Growth Generally is Indeterminable
15.1.2. Growth is Measurable
15.1.3. Phases of Growth
15.1.4. Growth Rates
15.1.5. Conditions of Growth
15.2. Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Re-differentiation
15.3 - 4.1. Development - Regulators - Characteristics
15.4.2. The Discovery of Plant Growth Regulators
15.4.3. & 3.1 Physiological Effects of Plant Growth Regulators - Auxins
15.4.3.2. Gibberellins
15.4.3.3. Cytokinins
15.4.3.4. Ethylene
15.4.3.5. Absisic Acid
15.5. Photoperiodism
15.6. Vernalisation
16.Digestion and Absorption
16.0.Introduction
16.1. Digestive System
16.1.1. Alimentary Canal
16.1.2. Digestive Glands
16.2. Digestion of Food
16.2. Digestion of Food
16.2. Digestion of Food
16.3. Absorption of Digested Products
16.4. Disorders of Digestive System
17.Breathing and Exchange of Gases
17.0.Introduction
17.1. Respiratory Organs
17.1.1.Human Respiratory System
17.1.1.Human Respiratory System
17.2. Mechanism of Breathing
17.2.1. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
17.3. Exchange of Gases
17.4. Transport of Gases
17.4.1. Transport of Oxygen
17.4.2. Transport of Carbon Dioxide
17.5. Regulation of Respiration
17.6. Disorders of Respiratory System
18.Body Fluids and Circulation
18.1. Blood
18.1.1. Plasma
18.1.2. Formed Elements
18.1.3. Blood Groups
18.1.3.1. ABO Grouping
18.1.3.2. rh Grouping
18.1.4. Coagulation of Blood
18.2. Lymph (Tissue Fluid)
18.3. Circulatory Pathways
18.3.1. Human Circulatory System
18.3.2. Cardiac Cycle
18.3.3. Electrocardiograph
18.4. Double Circulation
18.5. Regulation of Cardiac Activity
18.6. Disorders of Circulatory System
19.Excretary Products and Their Elimination
19.1. Human Excretory System
19.2. Urine Formation
19.3. Function of the Tubules
19.4. Mechanism of Concentration of the Filtrate
19.5. Regulation of Kidney Function
19.6. Micturition
19.7. Role of Other Organs in Excretion
19.8. Disorders of Excretory System
20. Locomotion and Movement
20.0.Introduction
20.1. Types of Movement
20.2. Muscle
20.2.1. Structure of Contractile Proteins
20.2.2. Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
20.3. Skeletal System
20.4. Joints
20.5. Disorders of Muscular and Skeletar System
21. Neural Control and Coordination
21.0.Introduction
21.1. Neural System
21.2. Human Neural System
21.2. Human Neural System
21.3. Neuron as Structural and Functional Unit of Neural System
21.3.1. Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulse
21.3.2. Transmission of Impulses
21.4. Central Neural System
21.4. Fore Brain - Mid Brain - Hind Brain
21.5. Reflex Action and Reflex Arc
21.5. Reflex Action and Reflex Arc
21.6. Sensory Reception and Processing
21.6. Sensory Reception and Processing
21.6. Sensory Reception and Processing
21.6. Sensory Reception and Processing
21.6. Sensory Reception and Processing
21.6.1. &1.1. Eye - Parts of Eye
21.6.1.2. Mechanism of Vision
21.6.2. The Ear
21.6.2. The Ear
22. Chemical Coordination and Integration
22.1. Endocrine Glands and Hormones
22.2. Human Endocrine System
22.2.1. Hypothalamus
22.2.2. The Pituitary Gland
22.2.3. The Pineal Gland
22.2.4. Thyroid Gland
22.2.5 Parathyroid Gland
22.2.6. Thymus Gland
22.2.7. Adrenal Gland
22.2.8. Pancreas
22.2.8. Pancreas
22.2.9. Testis
22.2.10. Ovary
22.3. Hormones of Heart, Kidney and Gastrointestinal Tract
22.4. Mechanism of Hormone Action