13.Kinetic Theory

13.1. Introduction

13.2. Molecular Nature of Matter

13.3. Behavior of Gases

13.4. Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas

13.4.1. Pressure of an Ideal Gas

13.4.2. Kinetic Interpretation of Temperature

13.5. Law of Equipartition of Energy

13.6. Specific Heat Capacity

13.6.1. Monatomic Gases

13.6.2. Diatomic Gases

13.6.3. Polyatomic Gases

13.6.4. Specific Heat Capacity of Solids

13.6.5. Specific Heat Capacity of Water

13.7. Mean Free Path

1.Physical World

1.1. What is Physics?

1.2. Scope and Excitement of Physics

1.3. Physics, Technology and Society

1.4. Fundamental Forces in Nature

1.4.1. Gravitational Force

1.4.2. Electromagnetic Force

1.4.3. Strong Nuclear Force

1.4.4. Weak Nuclear Force

1.4.5. Towards Unification of Forces

1.5. Nature of Physical Laws

2.Units and Measurements

2.1. Introduction

2.2. The International System of Units

2.3. Measurement of Length

2.3.1. Measurement of Large Distances

2.3.2. Estimation of Very Small Distances: Size of a Molecule

2.4. Measurement of Mass

2.4.1. Range of Masses

2.5. Measurement of Time

2.6. Accuracy, Precession of Instruments and Errors in Measurement

2.6.1. Absolute Error, Relative Error and Percentage Error

2.6.1. Absolute Error, Relative Error and Percentage Error

2.6.1. Absolute Error, Relative Error and Percentage Error

2.6.2. Combination of Errors

2.7. Significant Figures

2.7.1. Rules of Arithmetic Operations with Significant Figures

2.7.3. Rules for Determining the Uncertainty in the Results of Arithmetic Calculations

2.8. Dimensions of Physical Quantities

2.9. Dimensional Formula and Dimensional Equations

2.10. Dimensional Analysis and its Application

2.10.1. Checking the Dimensional Consistency of Equations

2.10.2. Deducing Relation among the Physical Quantities

3.Motion in a Straight Line

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Position, Path Length and Displacement

3.3. Average Velocity and Average Speed

3.4. Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

3.5. Acceleration

3.6. Kinematic Equations for Uniformly Accelerated Motion

3.7. Relative Velocity

4.Motion in a Plane

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Scalars and Vectors

4.2.1. Position and Displacement of Vectors

4.2.2. Equality of Vectors

4.3. Multiplication of Vectors by Real Numbers

4.4. Addition and Subtraction of Vectors – Graphical Method

4.5. Resolution of Vectors

4.6. Vector Addition – Analytical Method

4.7. Motion in a Plane

4.7.1. Position Vector and Displacement

4.8. Motion in a Plane with Constant Acceleration

4.9. Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions

4.10. Projectile Motion

4.11. Uniform Circular Motion

5.Laws of Motion

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Aristotle's Fallacy

5.3. The Law of Inertia

5.4. Newton's First Law of Motion

5.5. Newton's Second Law of Motion

5.6. Newton's Third Law of Motion

5.7. Conservation of Momentum

5.8. Equilibrium of a Particle

5.9. Common Forces in Mechanics

5.9.1. Friction

5.10. Circular Motion

5.11. Solving Problems in Mechanics

6.Work, Energy and Power

6.1.Introduction

6.1.1. The Scalar Product

6.2. Notions of Work and Kinetic Energy: The Work-Energy Theorem

6.2. Notions of Work and Kinetic Energy: The Work-Energy Theorem

6.2. Notions of Work and Kinetic Energy: The Work-Energy Theorem

6.2. Notions of Work and Kinetic Energy: The Work-Energy Theorem

6.3. Work

6.3. Work

6.3. Work

6.4. Kinetic Energy

6.4. Kinetic Energy

6.4. Kinetic Energy

6.5. Work Done by Variable Force

6.6. The Work-Energy Theorem for a Variable Force

6.7. The Concept of Potential Energy

6.7. The Concept of Potential Energy

6.7. The Concept of Potential Energy

6.8. The Conservation of Mechanical Energy

6.8. The Conservation of Mechanical Energy

6.8. The Conservation of Mechanical Energy

6.9. The Potential Energy of a Spring

6.10. Various Forms of Energy: The Law of Conservation of Energy

6.10.1. Heat

6.10.2. Chemical Energy

6.10.3. Electrical Energy

6.10.4. The Equivalence of Mass and Energy

6.10.5. Nuclear Energy

6.10.6. The Principles of Conservation of energy

6.11. Power

6.11. Power

6.11. Power

6.12. Collisions

6.12.1. Elastic and Inelastic Collisions

6.12.2. Collisions in One Dimension

6.12.3. Collisions in Two Dimensions

7.Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion

7.1. Introduction

7.1.1. What Kind of Motion can a Rigid Body Have?

7.2. Center of Mass

7.3. Motion of Center of Mass

7.4. Linear Momentum of particles

7.5. Vector Product of Two Vectors

7.6. Angular Velocity and its Relation with Linear Velocity

7.7. Torque and Angular Momentum

7.7.1. Momentum of Force (Torque)

7.7.2. Angular Momentum of a Particle

7.8. Equilibrium of a Rigid Body

7.8.1. Principle of Moments

7.8.2. Center of Gravity

7.9. Moment of Inertia

7.10. Theorems of Perpendicular and Parallel Axes

7.10. Theorems of Perpendicular and Parallel Axes

7.11. Kinematics of Rotational Motion about a Fixed Axis

7.12. Dynamics of Rotational Motion about a Fixed Axis

7.13. Angular Momentum in case of Rotation about a Fixed Axis

7.13.1. Conservation of Angular Momentum

7.14. Rolling Motion

7.14.1. Kinetic Energy of Rolling Motion

8.Gravitation

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Kepler's Laws

8.2. Kepler's Laws

8.2. Kepler's Laws

8.3. Universal Law of Gravitation

8.4. The Gravitational Constant

8.5. Acceleration due to Gravity of the Earth

8.6. Acceleration due to Gravity Below and Above the Surface of Earth

8.6. Acceleration due to Gravity Below and Above the Surface of Earth

8.7. Gravitational Potential Energy

8.8. Escape Speed

8.8. Escape Speed

8.8. Escape Speed

8.10. Energy of an Orbiting Satellite

8.11. Geostationary and Polar Satellites

8.12. Weightlessness

9.Mechanical Properties of Solids

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Elastic Behavior of Solids

9.3. Stress And Strain

9.3. Stress And Strain

9.4. Hooke's Law

9.5. Stress-Strain Curve

9.6. Elastic Module

9.6.1. Young's Modulus

9.6.2. Determination of Young's Modulus of the Material of a Wire

9.6.3. Shear Modulus

9.6.4. Bulk Modulus

9.7. Application of Elastic Behavior of Materials

10.Mechanical Properties of Fluids

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Pressure

10.2.1. Pascal's Law

10.2.2. Variation of Pressure with Depth

10.2.3. Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure

10.2.3. Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure

10.2.4. Hydraulic Machines

10.3. Streamline Flow

10.4. Bernoulli's Principle

10.4.1. Speed of Efflux: Torricelli's Law

10.4.2. Venturi-Meter

10.4.3. Blood Flow and Heart Attack

10.4.4. Dynamic Lift

10.5. Viscosity

10.5.1. Stoke's Law

10.6. Reynolds Number

10.7. Surface Tension

10.7.1. Surface Energy

10.7.2. Surface Energy and Surface Tension

10.7.3. Angle of Contact

10.7.4. Drops and Bubbles

10.7.5. Capillary Rise

10.7.6. Detergents and Surface Tension

11.Thermal Properties of Matter

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Temperature and Heat

11.3. Measurement of Temperature

11.4. Ideal Gas Equation and Absolute Temperature

11.5. Thermal Expansion

11.6. Specific Heat Capacity

11.7. Calorimetry

11.8. Change of State

11.8.1. Latent Heat

11.9. Heat Transfer

11.9.1. Conduction

11.9.2. Convection

11.9.3. Radiation

11.10. Newton's Law of Cooling

12.Thermodynamics

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Thermal Equilibrium

12.3. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

12.3. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

12.3. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

12.4. Heat, Internal Energy and Work

12.5. The First Law of Thermodynamics

12.5. The First Law of Thermodynamics

12.5. The First Law of Thermodynamics

12.6. Specific Heat Capacity

12.6. Specific Heat Capacity

12.6. Specific Heat Capacity

12.6. Specific Heat Capacity

12.7. Thermodynamic State Variables and Equation of State

12.8. Thermodynamic Processes

12.8. Thermodynamic Processes

12.8. Thermodynamic Processes

12.8.1. Quasi Static Process

12.9. Heat Engines

12.9. Heat Engines

12.9. Heat Engines

12.10. Refrigerators and Heat Pumps

12.11. Second Law of Thermodynamics

12.11. Second Law of Thermodynamics

12.11. Second Law of Thermodynamics

12.12. Reversible and Irreversible Processes

12.12. Reversible and Irreversible Processes

12.12. Reversible and Irreversible Processes

12.13. Carnot Engine

12.13. Carnot Engine

12.13. Carnot Engine

14.Oscillations

14.1. Introduction

14.2. Periodic and Oscillatory Motions

14.2.1. Period and Frequency

14.3. Simple Harmonic Motion

14.4. Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion

14.5. Velocity and Acceleration in Simple Harmonic Motion

14.6. Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion

14.7. Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

14.8. Some Systems Executing Simple Harmonic Motion

14.8.1. Oscillations due to a Spring

14.8.2. The Simple Pendulum

14.9. Damped Simple Harmonic Motion

14.10. Forced Oscillations and Resonance

15.Waves

15.1. Introduction

15.2. Transverse and Longitudinal Waves

15.3. Displacement Reaction in a Progressive Wave

15.3. Displacement Reaction in a Progressive Wave

15.3. Displacement Reaction in a Progressive Wave

15.3.1. Amplitude and Phase

15.3.1. Amplitude and Phase

15.3.1. Amplitude and Phase

15.3.2. Wave Length and Angular Wave Number

15.3.3. Period, Angular Frequency and Frequency

15.4. The Speed of a Traveling Wave

15.4.1. Speed of a Transverse Wave on Stretched String

15.4.2. Speed of a Longitudinal Wave (Speed of Sound)

15.4.2. Speed of a Longitudinal Wave (Speed of Sound)

15.4.2. Speed of a Longitudinal Wave (Speed of Sound)

15.5. The Principle of Superposition of Waves

15.5. The Principle of Superposition of Waves

15.6. Reflection of Waves

15.6.1. Standing Waves and Normal Modes

15.6.1. Standing Waves and Normal Modes

15.7. Beats

15.8. Doppler Effect

15.8.1. Source Moving: Observer Stationary

15.8.2. Observer Moving: Source Stationary

15.8.3. Both Source and Observer Moving