10.Light - Reflection & Refraction

10.1. Reflection of Light

10.2. Spherical Mirrors

10.2.1. Image formation by Spherical Mirrors

10.2.2. Representation of Images formed by Spherical Mirrors using Ray Diagrams

10.2.2. Representation of Images formed by Spherical Mirrors using Ray Diagrams

10.2.3. Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors

10.2.4. Mirror Formula and Magnification

10.3. Refraction of Light

10.3.1. Refraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab

10.3.2. The Refractive Index

10.3.3. Refraction by Spherical Lenses

10.3.4. Image Formation by Lenses

10.3.5. Image Formation in Lenses using Ray Diagrams

10.3.5. Image Formation in Lenses using Ray Diagrams

10.3.6. Sign Convention of Spherical Lenses

10.3.7. Lens Formula and Magnification

10.3.8. Power of Lens

1.Chemical Reactions and Equations

1.1.Chemical Equations

1.1.1. Writing a Chemical Equation

1.1.2. Balanced Chemical Equations

1.2. Types of Chemical Reactions

1.2.1. Combination Reaction

1.2.2. Decomposition Reaction

1.2.3. Displacement Reaction

1.2.4. Double Displacement Reaction

1.2.5. Oxidation and Reaction

1.3. Have you Observed the Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Everyday Life?

1.3.1. Corrosion

1.3.2. Rancidity

2.Acids, Bases And Salts

2.0.Introduction

2.1. Understanding the Chemical Properties of Acids and Bases

2.1.1. Acids and Bases in the Lab

2.1.2. How do Acids and Bases react with Metals?

2.1.3. How do Metal Carbonates and Metal Hydrogen carbonates react with Acids?

2.1.4. How do Acids and Bases React with Each Other?

2.1.5. Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids

2.1.6. Reaction of Non-Metallic Oxide with Base

2.2. What do All Acids and All Bases Have in Common?

2.2.1. What Happens to an Acid or a Base in a Water Solution?

2.3. How Strong are Acid or Base Solutions?

2.3.1. Importance of pH in Every day Life

2.4. More about Salts

2.4.1. Family of Salts

2.4.2. pH of Salts

2.4.3. Chemicals from Common Salt

2.4.4. Are Crystals of the Salts really Dry?

3.Metals And Non Metals

3.0.Introduction

3.1. Physical Properties

3.1.1. Metals

3.1.2. Non-Metals

3.2. Chemical Properties of Metals

3.2.1. What happens when Metals are burnt in Air?

3.2.2. What happens when Metals react with Water?

3.2.3. What happens when Metals react with Acids?

3.2.4. How do Metals react with Solutions of Other Metal Salts?

3.3. How do Metals and Non-Metals React?

3.3.1. Properties of Ionic Compounds

3.4. Occurrence of Metals

3.4.1. Extraction of Metals

3.4.2. Enrichment of Ores

3.4.3. Extracting Metals Low in the Activity Series

3.4.4. Extracting Metals in the Middle of the Activity Series

3.4.5. Extracting Metals towards the Top of the Activity Series

3.4.6. Refining Metals

4.Carbons And Its Compounds

4.1. Bonding in Carbon – The Covalent Bond

4.2. Versatile Nature of Carbon

4.2.1. Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon Compounds

4.2.1. Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon Compounds

4.2.2. Chains, Branches and Rings

4.2.2. Chains, Branches and Rings

4.2.2. Chains, Branches and Rings

4.2.3. Will you be My Friend?

4.2.4.Homologous Series

4.2.5. Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds

4.3. Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds

4.3.1. Combustion

4.3.2. Oxidation

4.3.3. Addition Reaction

4.3.4. Substitution Reaction

4.4. Some Important Carbon Compounds – Ethanol and Ethanoic Acid

4.4. Some Important Carbon Compounds – Ethanol and Ethanoic Acid

4.4.1. Properties of Ethanol

4.4.2. Properties of Ethanoic Acid

4.4.2. Properties of Ethanoic Acid

4.5. Soaps and Detergents

5.Periodic Classification of Elements

5.1. Making Order out of chaos – Early attempts at the Classification of Elements

5.1.1. Debereiner's Traids

5.1.2. Newlands' Law of Octaves

5.2. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

5.2.1. Achievements of Mendeleev's Periodic Table

5.2.2. Limitations of Mendeleev's Periodic Table

5.3. The Modern Periodic Table

5.3.1. Position of Elements in the Modern Periodic Table

5.3.2. Trends in the Modern Periodic Table

6.Life Process

6.1. What are Life Processes?

6.2. Nutrition

6.2.1. Autotrophic Nutrition

6.2.2. Heterotrophic Nutrition

6.2.3. How do Organisms obtain their own food?

6.2.4. Nutrition in Human Beings

6.3. Respiration

6.4. Transportation

6.4.1. Transportation in Human Beings

6.4.2. Transportation in Plants

6.5. Excretion

6.5.1. Excretion in Human Beings

6.5.2. Excretion in Plants

7.Control And Coordination

7.1. Animals Nervous System

7.1.1. What Happens in Reflex Actions?

7.1.2. Human Brain

7.1.3. How are these Tissues Protected?

7.1.4. How does the Nervous Tissue cause Action?

7.2. Coordination in Plants

7.2.1. Immediate Response to Stimulus

7.2.2. Movement due to Growth

7.3. Hormones in Animals

7.3. Hormones in Animals

8.How do Organisms Reproduce?

8.1. Do Organisms create exact copies of themselves?

8.1.1. The Importance of Variation

8.2. Modes of Reproduction used by Single Organisms

8.2.1. Fission

8.2.2. Fragmentation

8.2.3. Regeneration

8.2.4. Budding

8.2.5. Vegetative Propagation

8.2.5. Vegetative Propagation

8.2.6. Spore Formation

8.3. Sexual Reproduction

8.3.1. Why the sexual mode of Reproduction

8.3.2. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

8.3.3. Reproduction in Human Beings

8.3.3.A. Male Reproductive System

8.3.3.B. Female Reproductive System

8.3.3.C. What happens when the Egg is not Fertilized?

8.3.3.D. Reproductive Health

8.3.3.D. Reproductive Health

8.3.3.D. Reproductive Health

8.3.3.D. Reproductive Health

8.3.3.D. Reproductive Health

8.3.3.D. Reproductive Health

8.3.3.D. Reproductive Health

8.3.3.D. Reproductive Health

8.3.3.D. Reproductive Health

8.3.3.D. Reproductive Health

9.Heridity And Evolution

9.1. Accumulation of Variation during Reproduction

9.2. Heredity

9.2.1. Inherited Traits

9.2.2. Rules for the Inheritance of Traits – Mendel's Contributions

9.2.3. How do these Traits get Expressed?

9.2.4. Sex Determination

9.3. Evolution

9.3.1. An Illustration

9.3.2. Acquired and Inherited Traits

9.4. Speciation

9.5. Evolution and Classification

9.5.1. Tracing Evolutionary Relationships

9.5.2. Fossils

9.5.3. Evolution by Stages

9.6. Evolution should not be equated with 'progress'

9.6.1. Human Evolution

11.Human Eye and the Colorful World

11.1. The Human Eye

11.1.1. Power of Accommodation

11.2. Defects of Vision and their Correction

11.3. Refraction of Light through a Prism

11.4. Dispersion of White Light by a Glass Prism

11.5. Atmospheric Refraction

11.6. Scattering of Light

11.6.1. Tyndall Effect

11.6.2. Why is the color of the Clear Sky Blue?

11.6.3. Color of the SUN at Sunrise and Sunset

12.Electricity

12.1. Electric Current and Circuit

12.2. Electric Potential and Potential Difference

12.2. Electric Potential and Potential Difference

12.3. Circuit Diagram

12.4. Ohm's Law

12.5. Factors on which the Resistance of a Conductor Depends

12.6. Resistance of a System of Resistors

12.6.1. Resistors in Series

12.6.2. Resistors in Parallel

12.7. Heating Effect of Electric Current

12.7.1. Practical Applications of Heating Effect of Electric Current

12.8. Electric Power

13.Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

13.1. Magnetic Field and Field Lines

13.2. Magnetic Field due to a Current-Carrying Conductor

13.2.1. Magnetic Field due to a Current through a Straight Conductor

13.2.2. Right Hand Thumb Rule

13.2.3. Magnetic Field due to a Current through a Circular Loop

13.2.4. Magnetic Field due to a Current in a Solenoid

13.3. Force in a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field

13.4. Electric Motor

13.5. Electromagnetic Induction

13.6. Electric Generator

13.7. Domestic Electric Circuits

14.Sources of Energy

14.1. What is a good Source of Energy?

14.2. Conventional Source of Energy

14.2.1. Fossil Fuel

14.2.2. Thermal Power Plant

14.2.3. Hydro Power Plant

14.2.4. Improvements in the Technology for using Conventional Sources of Energy

14.2.4. Improvements in the Technology for using Conventional Sources of Energy

14.3. Alternative or Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

14.3.1. Solar Energy

14.3.2. Energy from the Sea – Tidal Energy

14.3.2.1.Wave Energy

14.3.2.2.Ocean Thermal Energy

14.3.3. Geothermal Energy

14.3.4. Nuclear Energy

14.4. Environmental Consequences

14.5. How long will an Energy Source Last Us?

14.5. How long will an Energy Source Last Us?

15.Our Environment

15.1. What happened when we add our Waste to the Environment?

15.2. Eco System – What are it's Components?

15.2.1. Food Chains and Webs

15.3. How do Our habits Affect the Environment?

15.3.1. Ozone Layer and how it is getting Depleted

15.3.2. Managing the Garbage We Produce

16.Management of Natural Resources

16.1. Why do we need to Manage our Resources?

16.2. Forests and Wild Life

16.2.1. Stake Holders

16.2.2. Sustainable Management

16.3. Water For All

16.3.1. Dams

16.3.2. Water Harvesting

16.4. Coal and Petroleum

16.5. An Overview of Natural Resource Management