12.1. Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group 12.1.1. Aldehydes and ketones 12.1.2. Structure of Carbonyl Group 12.2. Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones 12.2.1. Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones (a) By Oxidation of Alcohols b) By Dehydrogenation of Alcohols c) From Hydrocarbons 12.2.2. Preparation of Aldehydes & 12.2.3. Preparation of Ketones 12.3. Physical properties 12.4. Chemical Reactions 12.5. Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones 12.6. Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group - Nomenclature - Structure of Carboxyl Group 12.7. Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids 12.8. Physical Properties & 12.9. Chemical Reactions 12.9.1. Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond 12.9.2. Reactions Involving Cleavage of C-OH Bond 12.9.3. Reactions Involving COOH Group 12.9.4. Substitution Reactions in the Hydrocarbon Part 12.10. Uses of Carboxylic Acids
1. The Solid State 2. Solutions 3. Electrochemistry 4. Chemical Kinetics 5. Surface Chemistry 6. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 7. The p-Block Elements 8. The d & f-Block Elements 9. Coordinate Compounds 10. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 11. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 12. Aldehydes, Ketones and CarboXylic Acids 13. Amines 14. Biomolecules 15. Polymers 16. Chemistry in Everyday Life