9.1. Introduction 9.2. Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors 9.2.1. Sign Convention 9.2.2. Focal Length of Spherical Mirrors 9.2.3. The Mirror Equation 9.3. Refraction 9.4. Total Internal Reflection 9.4.1. Total Internal Reflection in Nature and its Technological Applications 9.5. Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses 9.5.1. Refraction at a Spherical Surface 9.5.2. Refraction by a Lens 9.5.3. Power of a Lens 9.5.4. Combination of Thin Lenses in Contact 9.6. Refraction through a Prism 9.7. Dispersion by a Prism 9.8. Some Natural Phenomena due to Sun Light 9.8.1. The Rainbow 9.8.2. Scattering of Light 9.9. Optical Instruments 9.9. Optical Instruments 9.9. Optical Instruments 9.9.1. The Eye 9.9.2. The Microscope 9.9.3. Telescope
1. Electric Charges and Fields 2. Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 3. Current Electricity 4.Moving Charges and Magnetism 5. Magnetism and Matter 6. Electromagnetic Induction 7. Alternating Current 8. Electromagnetic Waves 9. Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 10. Wave Optics 11. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 12. Atoms 13. Nuclei 14. Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits 15. Communication Systems