1. Reproduction in Organisms

1.1. Asexual Reproduction

1.2. Sexual Reproduction

1.2.1. Pre-Fertilisation Events

1.2.2. Fertilisation

1.2.3. Post-Fertilisation Events

1.2.3.1. The Zygote

1.2.3.2. Embryogenesis

2. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

2.1. Flower – A Fascinating Organ of Angiosperms

2.2. Pre-Fertilisation: Structures and Events

2.2.1. Stamen, Microsporangium and Pollen Grain

2.2.2. The Pistil, Megasporangium (Ovule) and Embryo Sac

2.3. Double Fertilisation

2.4. Post-Fertilisation: Structures and Events

2.4.1. Endosperm

2.4.2. Embryo

2.4.3. Seed

2.5. Apomixis and Polyembryony

3. Human Reproduction

3.1. The Male Reproductive System

3.2. The Female Reproductive System

3.3. Gametogenesis

3.4. Menstrual Cycle

3.5. Fertilisation and Implanation

3.5. Fertilisation and Implanation

3.6. Pregnancy and Embryonic Development

3.7. Parturition and Lactation

4. Reproductive Health

4.1. Reproductive Health – Problems and Strategies

4.1. Reproductive Health – Problems and Strategies

4.2. Population Explosion and Birth Control

4.3. Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)

4.4. Sexual Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

4.5. Infertility

5. Principles of Inheritance and Variation

5.1. Mendel\s Laws of Inheritance

5.2. Inheritance of One Gene

5.2.1. Law of Dominance

5.2.2. Law of Segregation

5.2.2.1. Incomplete Dominance

5.2.2.2. Co-Dominance

5.3. Inheritance of Two Genes

5.3.1. Law of Independent Assortment

5.3.2. Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

5.3.3. Linkage and Recombination

5.4. Sex Determination

5.4.1. Sex Determination in Humans

5.5. Mutation

5.6. Genetic Disorders

5.6.1. Pedigree Analysis

5.6.2. Mendelian Disorders

5.6.3. Chromosomal Disorders

6. Molecular basis of Inheritance

6.1. The DNA

6.1. Structure of Polynucleotide Chain

6.1.1. Packaging of DNA Helix

6.2. The Search for Genetic Material

6.2.1. The Genetic Materials in DNA

6.2.1. The Genetic Materials in DNA

6.2.2. Properties of Genetic Material (DNA Vs RNA)

6.2.2. Properties of Genetic Material (DNA Vs RNA)

6.3. RNA World

6.4. Replication

6.4.1. Experimental Proof

6.4.2. The Machinery and the Enzymes

6.5. Transcription

6.5.1. Transcription Unit

6.5.2. Transcription Unit and the Gene

6.5.3. Types of RNA and the Process of Transcription

6.6. Genetic Code

6.6.1. Mutations and Genetic Code

6.6.2. tRNA – The Adopter Molecule

6.7. Translation

6.8. Regulation of Gene Expression

6.8.1. The Lac Operon

6.9. Human Genome Project

6.9.1. Salient Features of Human Zenome

6.9.2. Applications and Future Challenges

6.10 DNA Finger Printing

7. Evolution

7.1. Origin of Life

7.2. Evolution of Life Forms – A Theory

7.3. What are the Evidences for Evolution?

7.4. What is Adaptive Radiation?

7.5. Biological Evolution

7.6. Mechanism of Evolution

7.7. Hardy-Weinberg Principles

7.8. A Brief Account of Evolution

7.9. Origin and Evolution of Man

8. Human Health and Disease

8.1. Common Diseases in Humans

8.2. Immunity

8.2.1. Innate Immunity

8.2.2. Acquired immunity

8.2.3. Active and Passive Immunity

8.2.4. Vaccination and Immunisation

8.2.5. Allergies

8.2.6. Auto Immunity

8.2.7. Immune System in the Body

8.3. AIDS

8.4. Cancer

8.5. Drugs and Alcohol Abuse

9. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

9.1. Animal Husbanday

9.1.1. Management of Farms and Farm Animals

9.1.1.1. Dairy Farm Management

9.1.1.2. Poultry Farm Management

9.1.2. Animal Breeding

9.1.3. Bee-Keeping

9.1.4. Fisheries

9.2. Plant Breeding

9.3. Single Cell Protein (SCP)

9.4. Tissue Culture

10. Microbes in Human Welfare

10.1. Microbes in Household products

10.2. Microbes in Industrial Products

10.2.1. Fermented Beverages

10.2.2. Antibiotics

10.2.3. Chemicals, Enzymes and Other Bio-active Molecules

10.3. Microbes in Sewage Treatment

10.4. Microbes in Production of Bio-Gas

10.5. Microbes as Bio-control Agents

10.5. Microbes as Bio-control Agents

10.6. Microbes as Bio-Fertilisers

11. Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

11.1. Principles of Biotechnology

11.2. Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology

11.2.1. Restriction Enzymes

11.2.2. Cloning Vectors

11.2.3. Competent Host (For Transformation with Recombinant DNA)

11.3. Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology

11.3.1. Isolation of the Genetic Material (DNA)

11.3.2. Cutting of DNA at Specific Locations

11.3.3. Amplification of Gene of Interest using PCR

11.3.4. Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host Cell / Organism

11.3.5. Obtaining the Foreign Gene Product

11.3.6. Downstream Processing

12. Biotechnology and Its Applications

12.1. Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture

12.1. Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture

12.2. Biotechnological Applications in Medicine

12.2.1. Genetically Engineered Insulin

12.2.2. Gene Therapy

12.2.3. Molecular Diagnosis

12.3. Transgenic Animals

12.4. Ethical Issues

13. Organisms and Populations

13.1. Organism and Its Environment

13.1.1. Major Abiotic Factors

13.1.2. Responses to Abiotic Factors

13.1.2. Responses to Abiotic Factors

13.1.3. Adaptations

13.2. Populations

14. Ecosystem

14.1. Ecosystem – Structure and Function

14.2. Productivity

14.3. Decomposition

14.4. Energy Flow

14.5. Ecological Pyramids

14.6. Ecological Succession

14.6.1. Succession of Plants

14.7. Nutrient Cycling

14.7.1. Ecosystem – Carbon Cycle

14.7.2. Ecosystem – Phosphorus Cycle

14.8. Ecosystem Services

15. Biodiversity and Conservation

15.1. Biodiversity & 15.1.1. How Many Species are there on Earth and How Many in India?

15.1.2. Patterns of Biodiversity

15.1.3. The Importance of Species Diversity to the Ecosystem

15.1.4. Loss of Biodiversity

15.2. Biodiversity Conservation

15.2.1. Why Should We Conserve Biodiversity?

15.2.2. How Do We Conserve Biodiversity?

16. Environmental Issues

16.1. Air Pollution and Its Control

16.1.1. Controlling Vehicular Air Pollution: A Case Study of Delhi

16.2. Water Pollution and Its Control

16.2.1. Domestic Sewage and Industrial Effluents

16.2.2. A Case Study of Integrated |Waste Water Treatment

16.3. Solid Wastes & 16.3.1. Case Study of Remedy for Plastic Waste

16.4. Agro-Chemicals and Their Effects

16.4.1. Case Study of Organic Farming

16.5. Radio Active Wastes

16.6. Green House Effect and Global Warming

16.7. Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere

16.8. Degradation by Improper Resource Utilisation and Maintenance

16.9. Deforestation

16.9.1. Case Study of People's Participation in Conservation of Forests