12.0.Introduction 12.1 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers – Classification 12.2 Nomenclature: (a) Alcohols, (b) Phenols and Ethers 12.3 Structures of Hydroxy and Ether Functional Groups 12.4 Methods of Preparation: Alcohols from Alkenes and Carbonyl Compounds- Phenols from Haloarenes, Benzene Sulphonic Acid, Diazonium Salts, Cumene 12.4 Methods of Preparation: Alcohols from Alkenes and Carbonyl Compounds- Phenols from Haloarenes, Benzene Sulphonic Acid, Diazonium Salts, Cumene 12.4 Methods of Preparation: Alcohols from Alkenes and Carbonyl Compounds- Phenols from Haloarenes, Benzene Sulphonic Acid, Diazonium Salts, Cumene 12.4 Methods of Preparation: Alcohols from Alkenes and Carbonyl Compounds- Phenols from Haloarenes, Benzene Sulphonic Acid, Diazonium Salts, Cumene 12.4 Methods of Preparation: Alcohols from Alkenes and Carbonyl Compounds- Phenols from Haloarenes, Benzene Sulphonic Acid, Diazonium Salts, Cumene 12.5 Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols 12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation 12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation 12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation 12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation 12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation 12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation 12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation 12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation 12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation 12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation 12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation 12.7 Commercially Important Alcohols (Methanol, Ethanol) 12.8 Ethers– Methods of Preparation: By Dehydration of Alcohols, Williamson Synthesis- Physical Properties - Chemical Reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and Electrophilic Substitution of Aromatic Ethers 12.8 Ethers– Methods of Preparation: By Dehydration of Alcohols, Williamson Synthesis- Physical Properties - Chemical Reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and Electrophilic Substitution of Aromatic Ethers 12.8 Ethers– Methods of Preparation: By Dehydration of Alcohols, Williamson Synthesis- Physical Properties - Chemical Reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and Electrophilic Substitution of Aromatic Ethers 12.8 Ethers– Methods of Preparation: By Dehydration of Alcohols, Williamson Synthesis- Physical Properties - Chemical Reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and Electrophilic Substitution of Aromatic Ethers 12.8 Ethers– Methods of Preparation: By Dehydration of Alcohols, Williamson Synthesis- Physical Properties - Chemical Reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and Electrophilic Substitution of Aromatic Ethers ALDEHYDES AND KETONES 12.9 Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group 12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes 12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes 12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes 12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes 12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes 12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes 12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes 12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes 12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes 12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes 12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes 12.11 Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones 12.12 Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Nucleophilic Addition, Reduction, Oxidation, Reactions due to - Hydrogen and Other Reactions (Cannizzaro Reaction, Electrophilic Substitution Reaction) 12.12 Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Nucleophilic Addition, Reduction, Oxidation, Reactions due to - Hydrogen and Other Reactions (Cannizzaro Reaction, Electrophilic Substitution Reaction) 12.12 Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Nucleophilic Addition, Reduction, Oxidation, Reactions due to - Hydrogen and Other Reactions (Cannizzaro Reaction, Electrophilic Substitution Reaction) 12.12 Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Nucleophilic Addition, Reduction, Oxidation, Reactions due to - Hydrogen and Other Reactions (Cannizzaro Reaction, Electrophilic Substitution Reaction) 12.12 Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Nucleophilic Addition, Reduction, Oxidation, Reactions due to - Hydrogen and Other Reactions (Cannizzaro Reaction, Electrophilic Substitution Reaction) 12.12 Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Nucleophilic Addition, Reduction, Oxidation, Reactions due to - Hydrogen and Other Reactions (Cannizzaro Reaction, Electrophilic Substitution Reaction) 12.13 Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones CARBOXYLIC ACIDS 12.14 Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group 12.15 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids- (1)from Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes (2) from Alkyl Benzenes (3)from Nitriles and Amides (4) from Grignard Reagents (5) from Acyl Halides and Anhydrides (6) from Esters 12.15 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids- (1)from Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes (2) from Alkyl Benzenes (3)from Nitriles and Amides (4) from Grignard Reagents (5) from Acyl Halides and Anhydrides (6) from Esters 12.15 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids- (1)from Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes (2) from Alkyl Benzenes (3)from Nitriles and Amides (4) from Grignard Reagents (5) from Acyl Halides and Anhydrides (6) from Esters 12.15 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids- (1)from Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes (2) from Alkyl Benzenes (3)from Nitriles and Amides (4) from Grignard Reagents (5) from Acyl Halides and Anhydrides (6) from Esters 12.15 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids- (1)from Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes (2) from Alkyl Benzenes (3)from Nitriles and Amides (4) from Grignard Reagents (5) from Acyl Halides and Anhydrides (6) from Esters 12.15 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids- (1)from Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes (2) from Alkyl Benzenes (3)from Nitriles and Amides (4) from Grignard Reagents (5) from Acyl Halides and Anhydrides (6) from Esters 12.15 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids- (1)from Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes (2) from Alkyl Benzenes (3)from Nitriles and Amides (4) from Grignard Reagents (5) from Acyl Halides and Anhydrides (6) from Esters 12.15 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids- (1)from Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes (2) from Alkyl Benzenes (3)from Nitriles and Amides (4) from Grignard Reagents (5) from Acyl Halides and Anhydrides (6) from Esters 12.15 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids- (1)from Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes (2) from Alkyl Benzenes (3)from Nitriles and Amides (4) from Grignard Reagents (5) from Acyl Halides and Anhydrides (6) from Esters 12.16 Physical Properties 12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution 12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution 12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution 12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution 12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution 12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution 12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution 12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution 12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution 12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution 12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution 12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution 12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution 12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution 12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution 12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution 12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution 12.18 Uses of Carboxylic Acids
1 - Solid State 2 - Solutions 3 - Electrochemistry and Chemical Kinetics Electrochemistry 4 - Surface Chemistry 5 - General Principles of Metallurgy 6 - The p-Block Elements Group 15 7 - d and f-Block Elements and Coordination Compounds - d and f-Block Elements 8 - Polymers 9 - Biomolecules 10 - Chemistry in Every Day Life 11 - Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 12 - Organic Compounds Containing C, H and O 13. Organic Compounds Containing Nirogen Amines