నెల్లూరు: మనుబోలు మండలం బద్వేలు క్రాస్‌రోడ్డు దగ్గర కారు బోల్తా, ముగ్గురికి గాయాలు|కర్నూలు: 16 వ రోజు జగన్ ప్రజా సంకల్ప యాత్ర|రంగారెడ్డి: మైలార్‌దేవ్‌పల్లిలో కింగ్స్‌ కాలనీలో ముస్తఫా అనే వ్యక్తిపై దుండగుల కాల్పులు|కడప: జగన్ సీఎం అయితే తన ఆస్తులు పెరుగుతాయి..చంద్రబాబు సీఎంగా ఉంటే ప్రజల ఆస్తులు పెరుగుతాయి: మంత్రి సోమిరెడ్డి|సిరిసిల్ల: అన్ని గ్రామాల్లో కేసీఆర్ గ్రామీణ ప్రగతి ప్రాంగణాలు నిర్మిస్తాం: మంత్రి కేటీఆర్|హైదరాబాద్: బంజారాహిల్స్ పోలీస్‌ స్టేషన్‌లో యూసుఫ్‌గూడ కార్పొరేటర్ తమ్ముడిపై కేసు నమోదు|అమరావతి: చీఫ్‌విప్‌గా పల్లె రఘునాథరెడ్డి పేరు, శాసనమండలి చీఫ్‌ విప్‌గా పయ్యావుల కేశవ్‌ పేరు ఖరారు|అనంతపురం: జెట్ ఎయిర్‌వేస్‌లో ఉద్యోగాల పేరుతో మోసం, రూ.14 లక్షలు వసూలు చేసిన యువకుడు|ఢిల్లీ: సరి, బేసి విధానానికి ఎన్జీటీ గ్రీన్‌సిగ్నల్, కాలుష్యం పెరిగినప్పుడు అమలు చేసుకోవచ్చన్న ఎన్జీటీ|శ్రీకాకుళం: వైసీపీ ఎమ్మెల్యేల గొంతు నొక్కుతున్నారు.. నిరసనగా అసెంబ్లీని బహిష్కరించాం: వైసీపీ నేత ధర్మాన

ఆంధ్రజ్యోతి హోం

ప్లేస్‌మెంట్స్‌లో సెలెక్ట్‌ కావాలంటే ఈ స్కిల్స్‌ ఉండాలి |

ఉద్యోగంలో మొదటిరోజు ఏం చేయాలి? ఏం చేయకూడదు? |

జాబ్‌ సెర్చ్‌కి 8 పుస్తకాలు |

ఇంటర్వ్యూలో స్ట్రెంత్స్‌..మీ బలాన్ని నిజంగా గుర్తించారా? |

ఇంటర్వ్యూ ముందు ఈ ఆరూ చూసుకోండి |

రెజ్యూమె.. ఈ తప్పులను ఇట్టే పట్టేస్తారు |

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INTERMEDIATE - II

INTERMEDIATE - II > CHEMISTRY

1 - Solid State

1.1 General Characteristics of Solid State

1.2 Amorphous and Crystalline Solids

1.3 Classification of Crystalline Solids based on Different Binding Forces

1.3 Classification of Crystalline Solids based on Different Binding Forces

1.3 Classification of Crystalline Solids based on Different Binding Forces

1.4 Probing the Structure of Solids: X-ray Crystallography

1.5 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells - Bravais Lattices - Primitive and Centered Unit Cells

1.5 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells - Bravais Lattices - Primitive and Centered Unit Cells

1.5 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells - Bravais Lattices - Primitive and Centered Unit Cells

1.6 Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell

1.7 Close Packed Structures: Close Packing in One Dimension, in Two Dimensions and in Three Dimensions- Tetrahedral and Octahedral Voids - Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids Filled - Locating Tetrahedral and Octahedral Voids

1.7 Close Packed Structures: Close Packing in One Dimension, in Two Dimensions and in Three Dimensions- Tetrahedral and Octahedral Voids - Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids Filled - Locating Tetrahedral and Octahedral Voids

1.7 Close Packed Structures: Close Packing in One Dimension, in Two Dimensions and in Three Dimensions- Tetrahedral and Octahedral Voids - Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids Filled - Locating Tetrahedral and Octahedral Voids

1.7 Close Packed Structures: Close Packing in One Dimension, in Two Dimensions and in Three Dimensions- Tetrahedral and Octahedral Voids - Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids Filled - Locating Tetrahedral and Octahedral Voids

1.8 Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic, bcc and in hcp, ccp lattice

1.8 Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic, bcc and in hcp, ccp lattice

1.8 Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic, bcc and in hcp, ccp lattice

1.8 Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic, bcc and in hcp, ccp lattice

1.9 Calculations involving Unit Cell Dimensions- Density of the Unit Cell.

1.9 Calculations involving Unit Cell Dimensions- Density of the Unit Cell.

1.10 Imperfections in Solids- Types of Point Defects - Stoichiometric and Non Stoichiometric Defects

1.10 Imperfections in Solids- Types of Point Defects - Stoichiometric and Non Stoichiometric Defects

1.10 Imperfections in Solids- Types of Point Defects - Stoichiometric and Non Stoichiometric Defects

1.10 Imperfections in Solids- Types of Point Defects - Stoichiometric and Non Stoichiometric Defects

1.11 Electrical Properties- Conduction of Electricity in Metals, Semiconductors and Insulators- Band Theory of Metals

1.11 Electrical Properties- Conduction of Electricity in Metals, Semiconductors and Insulators- Band Theory of Metals

1.11 Electrical Properties- Conduction of Electricity in Metals, Semiconductors and Insulators- Band Theory of Metals

1.11 Electrical Properties- Conduction of Electricity in Metals, Semiconductors and Insulators- Band Theory of Metals

1.11 Electrical Properties- Conduction of Electricity in Metals, Semiconductors and Insulators- Band Theory of Metals

1.11 Electrical Properties- Conduction of Electricity in Metals, Semiconductors and Insulators- Band Theory of Metals

1.12 Magnetic Properties

2 - Solutions

2.1 Types of Solutions

2.2 Expressing Concentration of Solutions- Mass Percentage, Volume Percentage, Mass by Volume Percentage, Parts per Million, Mole Fraction, Molarity and Molality

2.2 Expressing Concentration of Solutions- Mass Percentage, Volume Percentage, Mass by Volume Percentage, Parts per Million, Mole Fraction, Molarity and Molality

2.2 Expressing Concentration of Solutions- Mass Percentage, Volume Percentage, Mass by Volume Percentage, Parts per Million, Mole Fraction, Molarity and Molality

2.2 Expressing Concentration of Solutions- Mass Percentage, Volume Percentage, Mass by Volume Percentage, Parts per Million, Mole Fraction, Molarity and Molality

2.2 Expressing Concentration of Solutions- Mass Percentage, Volume Percentage, Mass by Volume Percentage, Parts per Million, Mole Fraction, Molarity and Molality

2.2 Expressing Concentration of Solutions- Mass Percentage, Volume Percentage, Mass by Volume Percentage, Parts per Million, Mole Fraction, Molarity and Molality

2.2 Expressing Concentration of Solutions- Mass Percentage, Volume Percentage, Mass by Volume Percentage, Parts per Million, Mole Fraction, Molarity and Molality

2.2 Expressing Concentration of Solutions- Mass Percentage, Volume Percentage, Mass by Volume Percentage, Parts per Million, Mole Fraction, Molarity and Molality

2.3 Solubility: Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid, Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid, Henry’s Law

2.3 Solubility: Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid, Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid, Henry’s Law

2.3 Solubility: Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid, Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid, Henry’s Law

2.4 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions: Vapour Pressure of Liquid-Liquid Solutions; Raoult’s Law as a special case of Henry’s Law -Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids

2.4 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions: Vapour Pressure of Liquid-Liquid Solutions; Raoult’s Law as a special case of Henry’s Law -Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids

2.4 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions: Vapour Pressure of Liquid-Liquid Solutions; Raoult’s Law as a special case of Henry’s Law -Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids

2.4 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions: Vapour Pressure of Liquid-Liquid Solutions; Raoult’s Law as a special case of Henry’s Law -Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids

2.5 Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions

2.6 Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass- Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure- Elevation of Boiling Point- Depression of Freezing Point- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure- Reverse Osmosis and Water Purification

2.6 Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass- Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure- Elevation of Boiling Point- Depression of Freezing Point- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure- Reverse Osmosis and Water Purification

2.6 Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass- Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure- Elevation of Boiling Point- Depression of Freezing Point- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure- Reverse Osmosis and Water Purification

2.6 Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass- Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure- Elevation of Boiling Point- Depression of Freezing Point- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure- Reverse Osmosis and Water Purification

2.6 Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass- Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure- Elevation of Boiling Point- Depression of Freezing Point- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure- Reverse Osmosis and Water Purification

2.6 Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass- Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure- Elevation of Boiling Point- Depression of Freezing Point- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure- Reverse Osmosis and Water Purification

2.7 Abnormal Molar Masses- van’t Hoff factor

3 - Electrochemistry and Chemical Kinetics Electrochemistry

3.1 Electrochemical Cells

3.2 Galvanic Cells : Measurement of Electrode Potentials

3.2 Galvanic Cells : Measurement of Electrode Potentials

3.3 Nernst Equation- Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation- Electrochemical Cell and Gibbs Energy of the Cell Reaction

3.3 Nernst Equation- Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation- Electrochemical Cell and Gibbs Energy of the Cell Reaction

3.3 Nernst Equation- Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation- Electrochemical Cell and Gibbs Energy of the Cell Reaction

3.3 Nernst Equation- Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation- Electrochemical Cell and Gibbs Energy of the Cell Reaction

3.4 Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions- Measurement of the Conductivity of Ionic Solutions- Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration- Strong Electrolytes and Weak Electrolytes- Applications of Kohlrausch’s Law

3.4 Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions- Measurement of the Conductivity of Ionic Solutions- Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration- Strong Electrolytes and Weak Electrolytes- Applications of Kohlrausch’s Law

3.4 Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions- Measurement of the Conductivity of Ionic Solutions- Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration- Strong Electrolytes and Weak Electrolytes- Applications of Kohlrausch’s Law

3.4 Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions- Measurement of the Conductivity of Ionic Solutions- Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration- Strong Electrolytes and Weak Electrolytes- Applications of Kohlrausch’s Law

3.4 Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions- Measurement of the Conductivity of Ionic Solutions- Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration- Strong Electrolytes and Weak Electrolytes- Applications of Kohlrausch’s Law

3.5 Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis: Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis- Products of Electrolysis

3.5 Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis: Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis- Products of Electrolysis

3.5 Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis: Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis- Products of Electrolysis

3.6 Batteries: Primary Batteries and Secondary Batteries

3.8 Corrosion of Metals-Hydrogen Economy

3.9. Rate of a Chemical Reaction

3.10 Factors influencing Rate of a Reaction: Dependance of Rate on Concentration- Rate Expression and Rate Constant- Order of a Reaction, Molecularity of a Reaction

3.10 Factors influencing Rate of a Reaction: Dependance of Rate on Concentration- Rate Expression and Rate Constant- Order of a Reaction, Molecularity of a Reaction

3.10 Factors influencing Rate of a Reaction: Dependance of Rate on Concentration- Rate Expression and Rate Constant- Order of a Reaction, Molecularity of a Reaction

3.10 Factors influencing Rate of a Reaction: Dependance of Rate on Concentration- Rate Expression and Rate Constant- Order of a Reaction, Molecularity of a Reaction

3.10 Factors influencing Rate of a Reaction: Dependance of Rate on Concentration- Rate Expression and Rate Constant- Order of a Reaction, Molecularity of a Reaction

3.10 Factors influencing Rate of a Reaction: Dependance of Rate on Concentration- Rate Expression and Rate Constant- Order of a Reaction, Molecularity of a Reaction

3.11 Integrated Rate Equations- Zero Order Reactions - First Order Reactions- Half Life of a Reaction

3.11 Integrated Rate Equations- Zero Order Reactions - First Order Reactions- Half Life of a Reaction

3.11 Integrated Rate Equations- Zero Order Reactions - First Order Reactions- Half Life of a Reaction

3.12 Pseudo First Order Reaction

3.13 Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction - Effect of Catalyst

3.14 Collision Theory of Chemical Reaction Rates

4 - Surface Chemistry

4.1 Adsorption and Absorption: Distinction between Adsorption and Absorption- Mechanism of Adsorption- Types of Adsorption- Characteristics of Physisorption - Characteristics of Chemisorptions - Adsorption Isotherms- Adsorption from Solution Phase- Applications of Adsorption

4.1 Adsorption and Absorption: Distinction between Adsorption and Absorption- Mechanism of Adsorption- Types of Adsorption- Characteristics of Physisorption - Characteristics of Chemisorptions - Adsorption Isotherms- Adsorption from Solution Phase- Applications of Adsorption

4.1 Adsorption and Absorption: Distinction between Adsorption and Absorption- Mechanism of Adsorption- Types of Adsorption- Characteristics of Physisorption - Characteristics of Chemisorptions - Adsorption Isotherms- Adsorption from Solution Phase- Applications of Adsorption

4.1 Adsorption and Absorption: Distinction between Adsorption and Absorption- Mechanism of Adsorption- Types of Adsorption- Characteristics of Physisorption - Characteristics of Chemisorptions - Adsorption Isotherms- Adsorption from Solution Phase- Applications of Adsorption

4.1 Adsorption and Absorption: Distinction between Adsorption and Absorption- Mechanism of Adsorption- Types of Adsorption- Characteristics of Physisorption - Characteristics of Chemisorptions - Adsorption Isotherms- Adsorption from Solution Phase- Applications of Adsorption

4.1 Adsorption and Absorption: Distinction between Adsorption and Absorption- Mechanism of Adsorption- Types of Adsorption- Characteristics of Physisorption - Characteristics of Chemisorptions - Adsorption Isotherms- Adsorption from Solution Phase- Applications of Adsorption

4.2 Catalysis:Catalysis, Promoters and Poisons- Auto Catalysis- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis- Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis- Important Features of Solid Catalysts: (a) Activity, (b) Selectivity- Shape- Selective Catalysis by Zeolites- Enzyme Catalysis- Characteristics and Mechanism- Catalysts in Industry

4.2 Catalysis:Catalysis, Promoters and Poisons- Auto Catalysis- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis- Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis- Important Features of Solid Catalysts: (a) Activity, (b) Selectivity- Shape- Selective Catalysis by Zeolites- Enzyme Catalysis- Characteristics and Mechanism- Catalysts in Industry

4.2 Catalysis:Catalysis, Promoters and Poisons- Auto Catalysis- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis- Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis- Important Features of Solid Catalysts: (a) Activity, (b) Selectivity- Shape- Selective Catalysis by Zeolites- Enzyme Catalysis- Characteristics and Mechanism- Catalysts in Industry

4.2 Catalysis:Catalysis, Promoters and Poisons- Auto Catalysis- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis- Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis- Important Features of Solid Catalysts: (a) Activity, (b) Selectivity- Shape- Selective Catalysis by Zeolites- Enzyme Catalysis- Characteristics and Mechanism- Catalysts in Industry

4.2 Catalysis:Catalysis, Promoters and Poisons- Auto Catalysis- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis- Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis- Important Features of Solid Catalysts: (a) Activity, (b) Selectivity- Shape- Selective Catalysis by Zeolites- Enzyme Catalysis- Characteristics and Mechanism- Catalysts in Industry

4.2 Catalysis:Catalysis, Promoters and Poisons- Auto Catalysis- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis- Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis- Important Features of Solid Catalysts: (a) Activity, (b) Selectivity- Shape- Selective Catalysis by Zeolites- Enzyme Catalysis- Characteristics and Mechanism- Catalysts in Industry

4.2 Catalysis:Catalysis, Promoters and Poisons- Auto Catalysis- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis- Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis- Important Features of Solid Catalysts: (a) Activity, (b) Selectivity- Shape- Selective Catalysis by Zeolites- Enzyme Catalysis- Characteristics and Mechanism- Catalysts in Industry

4.2 Catalysis:Catalysis, Promoters and Poisons- Auto Catalysis- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis- Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis- Important Features of Solid Catalysts: (a) Activity, (b) Selectivity- Shape- Selective Catalysis by Zeolites- Enzyme Catalysis- Characteristics and Mechanism- Catalysts in Industry

4.2 Catalysis:Catalysis, Promoters and Poisons- Auto Catalysis- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis- Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis- Important Features of Solid Catalysts: (a) Activity, (b) Selectivity- Shape- Selective Catalysis by Zeolites- Enzyme Catalysis- Characteristics and Mechanism- Catalysts in Industry

4.2 Catalysis:Catalysis, Promoters and Poisons- Auto Catalysis- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis- Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis- Important Features of Solid Catalysts: (a) Activity, (b) Selectivity- Shape- Selective Catalysis by Zeolites- Enzyme Catalysis- Characteristics and Mechanism- Catalysts in Industry

4.2 Catalysis:Catalysis, Promoters and Poisons- Auto Catalysis- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis- Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis- Important Features of Solid Catalysts: (a) Activity, (b) Selectivity- Shape- Selective Catalysis by Zeolites- Enzyme Catalysis- Characteristics and Mechanism- Catalysts in Industry

4.2 Catalysis:Catalysis, Promoters and Poisons- Auto Catalysis- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis- Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis- Important Features of Solid Catalysts: (a) Activity, (b) Selectivity- Shape- Selective Catalysis by Zeolites- Enzyme Catalysis- Characteristics and Mechanism- Catalysts in Industry

4.2 Catalysis:Catalysis, Promoters and Poisons- Auto Catalysis- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis- Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis- Important Features of Solid Catalysts: (a) Activity, (b) Selectivity- Shape- Selective Catalysis by Zeolites- Enzyme Catalysis- Characteristics and Mechanism- Catalysts in Industry

4.4 Classification of Colloids: Classification based on Physical State of Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium- Classification based on Nature of Interaction between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium- Classification based on Type of Particles of the Dispersed Phase- Multimolecular, Macromolecular and Associated Colloids- Cleansing Action of Soaps- Preparation of Colloids- Purification of Colloidal Solutions- Properties of Colloidal Solutions: Tyndall effect, Colour, Brownian Movement- Charge on Colloidal Particles, Electrophoresis

4.4 Classification of Colloids: Classification based on Physical State of Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium- Classification based on Nature of Interaction between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium- Classification based on Type of Particles of the Dispersed Phase- Multimolecular, Macromolecular and Associated Colloids- Cleansing Action of Soaps- Preparation of Colloids- Purification of Colloidal Solutions- Properties of Colloidal Solutions: Tyndall effect, Colour, Brownian Movement- Charge on Colloidal Particles, Electrophoresis

4.4 Classification of Colloids: Classification based on Physical State of Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium- Classification based on Nature of Interaction between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium- Classification based on Type of Particles of the Dispersed Phase- Multimolecular, Macromolecular and Associated Colloids- Cleansing Action of Soaps- Preparation of Colloids- Purification of Colloidal Solutions- Properties of Colloidal Solutions: Tyndall effect, Colour, Brownian Movement- Charge on Colloidal Particles, Electrophoresis

4.4 Classification of Colloids: Classification based on Physical State of Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium- Classification based on Nature of Interaction between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium- Classification based on Type of Particles of the Dispersed Phase- Multimolecular, Macromolecular and Associated Colloids- Cleansing Action of Soaps- Preparation of Colloids- Purification of Colloidal Solutions- Properties of Colloidal Solutions: Tyndall effect, Colour, Brownian Movement- Charge on Colloidal Particles, Electrophoresis

4.4 Classification of Colloids: Classification based on Physical State of Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium- Classification based on Nature of Interaction between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium- Classification based on Type of Particles of the Dispersed Phase- Multimolecular, Macromolecular and Associated Colloids- Cleansing Action of Soaps- Preparation of Colloids- Purification of Colloidal Solutions- Properties of Colloidal Solutions: Tyndall effect, Colour, Brownian Movement- Charge on Colloidal Particles, Electrophoresis

4.4 Classification of Colloids: Classification based on Physical State of Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium- Classification based on Nature of Interaction between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium- Classification based on Type of Particles of the Dispersed Phase- Multimolecular, Macromolecular and Associated Colloids- Cleansing Action of Soaps- Preparation of Colloids- Purification of Colloidal Solutions- Properties of Colloidal Solutions: Tyndall effect, Colour, Brownian Movement- Charge on Colloidal Particles, Electrophoresis

4.4 Classification of Colloids: Classification based on Physical State of Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium- Classification based on Nature of Interaction between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium- Classification based on Type of Particles of the Dispersed Phase- Multimolecular, Macromolecular and Associated Colloids- Cleansing Action of Soaps- Preparation of Colloids- Purification of Colloidal Solutions- Properties of Colloidal Solutions: Tyndall effect, Colour, Brownian Movement- Charge on Colloidal Particles, Electrophoresis

4.4 Classification of Colloids: Classification based on Physical State of Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium- Classification based on Nature of Interaction between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium- Classification based on Type of Particles of the Dispersed Phase- Multimolecular, Macromolecular and Associated Colloids- Cleansing Action of Soaps- Preparation of Colloids- Purification of Colloidal Solutions- Properties of Colloidal Solutions: Tyndall effect, Colour, Brownian Movement- Charge on Colloidal Particles, Electrophoresis

4.4 Classification of Colloids: Classification based on Physical State of Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium- Classification based on Nature of Interaction between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium- Classification based on Type of Particles of the Dispersed Phase- Multimolecular, Macromolecular and Associated Colloids- Cleansing Action of Soaps- Preparation of Colloids- Purification of Colloidal Solutions- Properties of Colloidal Solutions: Tyndall effect, Colour, Brownian Movement- Charge on Colloidal Particles, Electrophoresis

4.4 Classification of Colloids: Classification based on Physical State of Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium- Classification based on Nature of Interaction between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium- Classification based on Type of Particles of the Dispersed Phase- Multimolecular, Macromolecular and Associated Colloids- Cleansing Action of Soaps- Preparation of Colloids- Purification of Colloidal Solutions- Properties of Colloidal Solutions: Tyndall effect, Colour, Brownian Movement- Charge on Colloidal Particles, Electrophoresis

4.6 Colloids Around us- Application of Colloids

5 - General Principles of Metallurgy

5.1 Occurrence of Metals

5.2 Concentration of Ores- Levigation, Magnetic Separation,Froth Floatation, Leaching

5.2 Concentration of Ores- Levigation, Magnetic Separation,Froth Floatation, Leaching

5.2 Concentration of Ores- Levigation, Magnetic Separation,Froth Floatation, Leaching

5.2 Concentration of Ores- Levigation, Magnetic Separation,Froth Floatation, Leaching

5.3 Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore- Conversion to Oxide, Reduction of Oxide to the Metal

5.3 Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore- Conversion to Oxide, Reduction of Oxide to the Metal

5.4 Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy- Ellingham Diagram- Limitations- Applications- Extraction of Iron, Copper and Zinc from their Oxides

5.4 Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy- Ellingham Diagram- Limitations- Applications- Extraction of Iron, Copper and Zinc from their Oxides

5.4 Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy- Ellingham Diagram- Limitations- Applications- Extraction of Iron, Copper and Zinc from their Oxides

5.4 Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy- Ellingham Diagram- Limitations- Applications- Extraction of Iron, Copper and Zinc from their Oxides

5.4 Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy- Ellingham Diagram- Limitations- Applications- Extraction of Iron, Copper and Zinc from their Oxides

5.5 Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy

5.6 Oxidation and Reduction

5.7 Refining of Crude Metal- Distillation, Liquation, Electrolysis, Zone Refining and Vapour Phase Refining

5.8 Uses of Aluminum, Copper, Zinc and Iron

6 - The p-Block Elements Group 15

6.0. Introduction

6.1 Occurrence- Electronic Configuration, Atomic and Ionic Radii, Ionisation Energy, Electronegativity, Physical and Chemical Properties

6.2 Di nitrogen- Preparation, Properties and Uses

6.3 Compounds of Nitrogen- Preparation and Properties of Ammonia

6.4 Oxides of Nitrogen

6.5 Preparation and Properties of Nitric Acid

6.6 Phosphorous- Allotropic Forms

6.7 Phosphine- Preparation and Properties

6.8 Phosphorous Halides

6.9 Oxoacids of Phosphorous

6.9.1. Group 16 Elements

6.10 Occurrence- Electronic Configuration, Atomic and Ionic Radii, Ionisation Enthalpy, Electron Gain Enthalpy, Electronegativity, Physical and Chemical Properties

6.11 Di oxygen- Preparation, Properties and Uses

6.12 Simple Oxides

6.13 Ozone- Preparation, Properties, Structure and Uses

6.14 Sulphur- Allotropic Forms

6.15 Sulphur Dioxide- Preparation, Properties and Uses

6.16 Oxoacids of Sulphur

6.17 Sulphuric Acid- Industrial Process of Manufacture, Properties and Uses

6.17.1. Group 17 Elements

6.18 Occurrence, Electronic Configuration, Atomic and Ionic Radii, Ionisation Enthalpy, Electron Gain Enthalpy, Electronegativity , Physical and Chemical Properties

6.18 Occurrence, Electronic Configuration, Atomic and Ionic Radii, Ionisation Enthalpy, Electron Gain Enthalpy, Electronegativity , Physical and Chemical Properties

6.19 Chlorine- Preparation, Properties and Uses

6.20 Hydrogen Chloride- Preparation, Properties and Uses

6.21 Oxoacids of Halogens

6.22 Interhalogen compounds

6.22.1. Group 18 Elements

6.23 Occurrence, Electronic Configuration, Ionisation Enthalpy, Atomic Radii - Electron Gain Enthalpy, Physical and Chemical Properties

6.23 Occurrence, Electronic Configuration, Ionisation Enthalpy, Atomic Radii - Electron Gain Enthalpy, Physical and Chemical Properties

(a) Xenon-fluorine Compounds-XeF2,XeF4and XeF6 – Preparation, Hydrolysis and Formation of Fluoroanions- Structures of XeF2, XeF4 and XeF6

(b) Xenon-oxygen Compounds XeO3 and XeOF4 - Their Formation and Structures

7 - d and f-Block Elements and Coordination Compounds - d and f-Block Elements

7.0. Introduction

7.0. Introduction

7.1 Position in the Periodic Table

7.2 Electronic Configuration of the d-block Elements

7.3 General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-block) - Physical Properties, Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Series, Ionisation Enthalpies, Oxidation States, Trends in the M² + /M and M³ + /M² + Standard Electrode Potentials, Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States, Chemical Reactivity and EJ Values, Magnetic Properties, Formation of Coloured Ions, Formation of Complex Compounds, Catalytic Properties, Formation of Interstitial Compounds, Alloy Formation

7.3 General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-block) - Physical Properties, Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Series, Ionisation Enthalpies, Oxidation States, Trends in the M² + /M and M³ + /M² + Standard Electrode Potentials, Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States, Chemical Reactivity and EJ Values, Magnetic Properties, Formation of Coloured Ions, Formation of Complex Compounds, Catalytic Properties, Formation of Interstitial Compounds, Alloy Formation

7.3 General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-block) - Physical Properties, Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Series, Ionisation Enthalpies, Oxidation States, Trends in the M² + /M and M³ + /M² + Standard Electrode Potentials, Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States, Chemical Reactivity and EJ Values, Magnetic Properties, Formation of Coloured Ions, Formation of Complex Compounds, Catalytic Properties, Formation of Interstitial Compounds, Alloy Formation

7.3 General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-block) - Physical Properties, Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Series, Ionisation Enthalpies, Oxidation States, Trends in the M² + /M and M³ + /M² + Standard Electrode Potentials, Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States, Chemical Reactivity and EJ Values, Magnetic Properties, Formation of Coloured Ions, Formation of Complex Compounds, Catalytic Properties, Formation of Interstitial Compounds, Alloy Formation

7.3 General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-block) - Physical Properties, Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Series, Ionisation Enthalpies, Oxidation States, Trends in the M² + /M and M³ + /M² + Standard Electrode Potentials, Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States, Chemical Reactivity and EJ Values, Magnetic Properties, Formation of Coloured Ions, Formation of Complex Compounds, Catalytic Properties, Formation of Interstitial Compounds, Alloy Formation

7.3 General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-block) - Physical Properties, Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Series, Ionisation Enthalpies, Oxidation States, Trends in the M² + /M and M³ + /M² + Standard Electrode Potentials, Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States, Chemical Reactivity and EJ Values, Magnetic Properties, Formation of Coloured Ions, Formation of Complex Compounds, Catalytic Properties, Formation of Interstitial Compounds, Alloy Formation

7.3 General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-block) - Physical Properties, Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Series, Ionisation Enthalpies, Oxidation States, Trends in the M² + /M and M³ + /M² + Standard Electrode Potentials, Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States, Chemical Reactivity and EJ Values, Magnetic Properties, Formation of Coloured Ions, Formation of Complex Compounds, Catalytic Properties, Formation of Interstitial Compounds, Alloy Formation

7.3 General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-block) - Physical Properties, Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Series, Ionisation Enthalpies, Oxidation States, Trends in the M² + /M and M³ + /M² + Standard Electrode Potentials, Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States, Chemical Reactivity and EJ Values, Magnetic Properties, Formation of Coloured Ions, Formation of Complex Compounds, Catalytic Properties, Formation of Interstitial Compounds, Alloy Formation

7.3 General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-block) - Physical Properties, Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Series, Ionisation Enthalpies, Oxidation States, Trends in the M² + /M and M³ + /M² + Standard Electrode Potentials, Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States, Chemical Reactivity and EJ Values, Magnetic Properties, Formation of Coloured Ions, Formation of Complex Compounds, Catalytic Properties, Formation of Interstitial Compounds, Alloy Formation

7.3 General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-block) - Physical Properties, Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Series, Ionisation Enthalpies, Oxidation States, Trends in the M² + /M and M³ + /M² + Standard Electrode Potentials, Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States, Chemical Reactivity and EJ Values, Magnetic Properties, Formation of Coloured Ions, Formation of Complex Compounds, Catalytic Properties, Formation of Interstitial Compounds, Alloy Formation

7.3 General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-block) - Physical Properties, Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Series, Ionisation Enthalpies, Oxidation States, Trends in the M² + /M and M³ + /M² + Standard Electrode Potentials, Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States, Chemical Reactivity and EJ Values, Magnetic Properties, Formation of Coloured Ions, Formation of Complex Compounds, Catalytic Properties, Formation of Interstitial Compounds, Alloy Formation

7.3 General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-block) - Physical Properties, Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Series, Ionisation Enthalpies, Oxidation States, Trends in the M² + /M and M³ + /M² + Standard Electrode Potentials, Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States, Chemical Reactivity and EJ Values, Magnetic Properties, Formation of Coloured Ions, Formation of Complex Compounds, Catalytic Properties, Formation of Interstitial Compounds, Alloy Formation

7.3 General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-block) - Physical Properties, Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Series, Ionisation Enthalpies, Oxidation States, Trends in the M² + /M and M³ + /M² + Standard Electrode Potentials, Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States, Chemical Reactivity and EJ Values, Magnetic Properties, Formation of Coloured Ions, Formation of Complex Compounds, Catalytic Properties, Formation of Interstitial Compounds, Alloy Formation

7.3 General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-block) - Physical Properties, Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Series, Ionisation Enthalpies, Oxidation States, Trends in the M² + /M and M³ + /M² + Standard Electrode Potentials, Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States, Chemical Reactivity and EJ Values, Magnetic Properties, Formation of Coloured Ions, Formation of Complex Compounds, Catalytic Properties, Formation of Interstitial Compounds, Alloy Formation

7.4 Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements- Oxides and Oxoanions of Metals- Preparation and Properties of Potassium Dichromate and Potassium Permanganate- Structures of Chromate, Dichromate, Manganate and Permanganate Ions

7.4 Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements- Oxides and Oxoanions of Metals- Preparation and Properties of Potassium Dichromate and Potassium Permanganate- Structures of Chromate, Dichromate, Manganate and Permanganate Ions

7.4 Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements- Oxides and Oxoanions of Metals- Preparation and Properties of Potassium Dichromate and Potassium Permanganate- Structures of Chromate, Dichromate, Manganate and Permanganate Ions

7.4 Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements- Oxides and Oxoanions of Metals- Preparation and Properties of Potassium Dichromate and Potassium Permanganate- Structures of Chromate, Dichromate, Manganate and Permanganate Ions

7.4 Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements- Oxides and Oxoanions of Metals- Preparation and Properties of Potassium Dichromate and Potassium Permanganate- Structures of Chromate, Dichromate, Manganate and Permanganate Ions

7.4 Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements- Oxides and Oxoanions of Metals- Preparation and Properties of Potassium Dichromate and Potassium Permanganate- Structures of Chromate, Dichromate, Manganate and Permanganate Ions

7.4 Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements- Oxides and Oxoanions of Metals- Preparation and Properties of Potassium Dichromate and Potassium Permanganate- Structures of Chromate, Dichromate, Manganate and Permanganate Ions

7.4 Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements- Oxides and Oxoanions of Metals- Preparation and Properties of Potassium Dichromate and Potassium Permanganate- Structures of Chromate, Dichromate, Manganate and Permanganate Ions

7.4 Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements- Oxides and Oxoanions of Metals- Preparation and Properties of Potassium Dichromate and Potassium Permanganate- Structures of Chromate, Dichromate, Manganate and Permanganate Ions

7.4 Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements- Oxides and Oxoanions of Metals- Preparation and Properties of Potassium Dichromate and Potassium Permanganate- Structures of Chromate, Dichromate, Manganate and Permanganate Ions

7.5 Inner Transition Elements(f-block)- Lanthanoids- Electronic Configuration- Atomic and Ionic Sizes- Oxidation States- General Characteristics

7.5 Inner Transition Elements(f-block)- Lanthanoids- Electronic Configuration- Atomic and Ionic Sizes- Oxidation States- General Characteristics

7.5 Inner Transition Elements(f-block)- Lanthanoids- Electronic Configuration- Atomic and Ionic Sizes- Oxidation States- General Characteristics

7.5 Inner Transition Elements(f-block)- Lanthanoids- Electronic Configuration- Atomic and Ionic Sizes- Oxidation States- General Characteristics

7.5 Inner Transition Elements(f-block)- Lanthanoids- Electronic Configuration- Atomic and Ionic Sizes- Oxidation States- General Characteristics

7.5 Inner Transition Elements(f-block)- Lanthanoids- Electronic Configuration- Atomic and Ionic Sizes- Oxidation States- General Characteristics

7.6 Actinoids- Electronic Configuration, Atomic and Ionic Sizes, Oxidation States, General Characteristics and Comparison with Lanthanoids

7.6 Actinoids- Electronic Configuration, Atomic and Ionic Sizes, Oxidation States, General Characteristics and Comparison with Lanthanoids

7.6 Actinoids- Electronic Configuration, Atomic and Ionic Sizes, Oxidation States, General Characteristics and Comparison with Lanthanoids

7.7 Some Applications of d and f block Elements

Coordination Compounds 7.8 Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds

7.9 Definitions of Some Terms Used in Coordination Compounds

7.10 Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds - IUPAC Nomenclature

7.11 Isomerism in Coordination Compounds-(a) Stereoisomerism- Geometrical and Optical Isomerism (b) Structural Isomerism- Linkage, Coordination, Ionisation and Solvate Isomerism

7.11 Isomerism in Coordination Compounds-(a) Stereoisomerism- Geometrical and Optical Isomerism (b) Structural Isomerism- Linkage, Coordination, Ionisation and Solvate Isomerism

7.11 Isomerism in Coordination Compounds-(a) Stereoisomerism- Geometrical and Optical Isomerism (b) Structural Isomerism- Linkage, Coordination, Ionisation and Solvate Isomerism

7.11 Isomerism in Coordination Compounds-(a) Stereoisomerism- Geometrical and Optical Isomerism (b) Structural Isomerism- Linkage, Coordination, Ionisation and Solvate Isomerism

7.11 Isomerism in Coordination Compounds-(a) Stereoisomerism- Geometrical and Optical Isomerism (b) Structural Isomerism- Linkage, Coordination, Ionisation and Solvate Isomerism

7.11 Isomerism in Coordination Compounds-(a) Stereoisomerism- Geometrical and Optical Isomerism (b) Structural Isomerism- Linkage, Coordination, Ionisation and Solvate Isomerism

7.12 Bonding in Coordination Compounds. (a)Valence Bond Theory - Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds- Limitations of Valence Bond Theory (b) Crystal Field Theory (i) Crystal Field Splitting in Octahedral and Tetrahedral Coordination Entities (ii) Colour in Coordination Compounds- Limitations of Crystal Field Theory

7.12 Bonding in Coordination Compounds. (a)Valence Bond Theory - Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds- Limitations of Valence Bond Theory (b) Crystal Field Theory (i) Crystal Field Splitting in Octahedral and Tetrahedral Coordination Entities (ii) Colour in Coordination Compounds- Limitations of Crystal Field Theory

7.12 Bonding in Coordination Compounds. (a)Valence Bond Theory - Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds- Limitations of Valence Bond Theory (b) Crystal Field Theory (i) Crystal Field Splitting in Octahedral and Tetrahedral Coordination Entities (ii) Colour in Coordination Compounds- Limitations of Crystal Field Theory

7.12 Bonding in Coordination Compounds. (a)Valence Bond Theory - Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds- Limitations of Valence Bond Theory (b) Crystal Field Theory (i) Crystal Field Splitting in Octahedral and Tetrahedral Coordination Entities (ii) Colour in Coordination Compounds- Limitations of Crystal Field Theory

7.13 Bonding in Metal Carbonyls

7.14 Stability of Coordination Compounds

7.15 Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds

8 - Polymers

8.0. Introduction

8.1 Classification of Polymers - Classification based on Source, Structure, Mode of Polymerisation, Molecular Forces and Growth Polymerisation

8.1 Classification of Polymers - Classification based on Source, Structure, Mode of Polymerisation, Molecular Forces and Growth Polymerisation

8.1 Classification of Polymers - Classification based on Source, Structure, Mode of Polymerisation, Molecular Forces and Growth Polymerisation

8.1 Classification of Polymers - Classification based on Source, Structure, Mode of Polymerisation, Molecular Forces and Growth Polymerisation

8.1 Classification of Polymers - Classification based on Source, Structure, Mode of Polymerisation, Molecular Forces and Growth Polymerisation

8.1 Classification of Polymers - Classification based on Source, Structure, Mode of Polymerisation, Molecular Forces and Growth Polymerisation

8.2 Types of Polymerization Reactions - Addition Polymerization or Chain Growth Polymerization - Ionic Polymerization, Free Radical Mechanism - Preparation of Addition Polymers – Polythene, Teflon and Polyacrylonitrile - Condensation Polymerization or Step Growth Polymerization – Poly amides - Preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6 – Polyesters – Terylene – Bakelite, Melamine, Formaldehyde Polymer – Copolymerisation – Rubber - Natural Rubber - Vulcanization of Rubber - Synthetic Rubbers - Preparation of Neoprene and Buna-n

8.2 Types of Polymerization Reactions - Addition Polymerization or Chain Growth Polymerization - Ionic Polymerization, Free Radical Mechanism - Preparation of Addition Polymers – Polythene, Teflon and Polyacrylonitrile - Condensation Polymerization or Step Growth Polymerization – Poly amides - Preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6 – Polyesters – Terylene – Bakelite, Melamine, Formaldehyde Polymer – Copolymerisation – Rubber - Natural Rubber - Vulcanization of Rubber - Synthetic Rubbers - Preparation of Neoprene and Buna-n

8.2 Types of Polymerization Reactions - Addition Polymerization or Chain Growth Polymerization - Ionic Polymerization, Free Radical Mechanism - Preparation of Addition Polymers – Polythene, Teflon and Polyacrylonitrile - Condensation Polymerization or Step Growth Polymerization – Poly amides - Preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6 – Polyesters – Terylene – Bakelite, Melamine, Formaldehyde Polymer – Copolymerisation – Rubber - Natural Rubber - Vulcanization of Rubber - Synthetic Rubbers - Preparation of Neoprene and Buna-n

8.2 Types of Polymerization Reactions - Addition Polymerization or Chain Growth Polymerization - Ionic Polymerization, Free Radical Mechanism - Preparation of Addition Polymers – Polythene, Teflon and Polyacrylonitrile - Condensation Polymerization or Step Growth Polymerization – Poly amides - Preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6 – Polyesters – Terylene – Bakelite, Melamine, Formaldehyde Polymer – Copolymerisation – Rubber - Natural Rubber - Vulcanization of Rubber - Synthetic Rubbers - Preparation of Neoprene and Buna-n

8.2 Types of Polymerization Reactions - Addition Polymerization or Chain Growth Polymerization - Ionic Polymerization, Free Radical Mechanism - Preparation of Addition Polymers – Polythene, Teflon and Polyacrylonitrile - Condensation Polymerization or Step Growth Polymerization – Poly amides - Preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6 – Polyesters – Terylene – Bakelite, Melamine, Formaldehyde Polymer – Copolymerisation – Rubber - Natural Rubber - Vulcanization of Rubber - Synthetic Rubbers - Preparation of Neoprene and Buna-n

8.2 Types of Polymerization Reactions - Addition Polymerization or Chain Growth Polymerization - Ionic Polymerization, Free Radical Mechanism - Preparation of Addition Polymers – Polythene, Teflon and Polyacrylonitrile - Condensation Polymerization or Step Growth Polymerization – Poly amides - Preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6 – Polyesters – Terylene – Bakelite, Melamine, Formaldehyde Polymer – Copolymerisation – Rubber - Natural Rubber - Vulcanization of Rubber - Synthetic Rubbers - Preparation of Neoprene and Buna-n

8.2 Types of Polymerization Reactions - Addition Polymerization or Chain Growth Polymerization - Ionic Polymerization, Free Radical Mechanism - Preparation of Addition Polymers – Polythene, Teflon and Polyacrylonitrile - Condensation Polymerization or Step Growth Polymerization – Poly amides - Preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6 – Polyesters – Terylene – Bakelite, Melamine, Formaldehyde Polymer – Copolymerisation – Rubber - Natural Rubber - Vulcanization of Rubber - Synthetic Rubbers - Preparation of Neoprene and Buna-n

8.2 Types of Polymerization Reactions - Addition Polymerization or Chain Growth Polymerization - Ionic Polymerization, Free Radical Mechanism - Preparation of Addition Polymers – Polythene, Teflon and Polyacrylonitrile - Condensation Polymerization or Step Growth Polymerization – Poly amides - Preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6 – Polyesters – Terylene – Bakelite, Melamine, Formaldehyde Polymer – Copolymerisation – Rubber - Natural Rubber - Vulcanization of Rubber - Synthetic Rubbers - Preparation of Neoprene and Buna-n

8.2 Types of Polymerization Reactions - Addition Polymerization or Chain Growth Polymerization - Ionic Polymerization, Free Radical Mechanism - Preparation of Addition Polymers – Polythene, Teflon and Polyacrylonitrile - Condensation Polymerization or Step Growth Polymerization – Poly amides - Preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6 – Polyesters – Terylene – Bakelite, Melamine, Formaldehyde Polymer – Copolymerisation – Rubber - Natural Rubber - Vulcanization of Rubber - Synthetic Rubbers - Preparation of Neoprene and Buna-n

8.2 Types of Polymerization Reactions - Addition Polymerization or Chain Growth Polymerization - Ionic Polymerization, Free Radical Mechanism - Preparation of Addition Polymers – Polythene, Teflon and Polyacrylonitrile - Condensation Polymerization or Step Growth Polymerization – Poly amides - Preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6 – Polyesters – Terylene – Bakelite, Melamine, Formaldehyde Polymer – Copolymerisation – Rubber - Natural Rubber - Vulcanization of Rubber - Synthetic Rubbers - Preparation of Neoprene and Buna-n

8.2 Types of Polymerization Reactions - Addition Polymerization or Chain Growth Polymerization - Ionic Polymerization, Free Radical Mechanism - Preparation of Addition Polymers – Polythene, Teflon and Polyacrylonitrile - Condensation Polymerization or Step Growth Polymerization – Poly amides - Preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6 – Polyesters – Terylene – Bakelite, Melamine, Formaldehyde Polymer – Copolymerisation – Rubber - Natural Rubber - Vulcanization of Rubber - Synthetic Rubbers - Preparation of Neoprene and Buna-n

8.2 Types of Polymerization Reactions - Addition Polymerization or Chain Growth Polymerization - Ionic Polymerization, Free Radical Mechanism - Preparation of Addition Polymers – Polythene, Teflon and Polyacrylonitrile - Condensation Polymerization or Step Growth Polymerization – Poly amides - Preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6 – Polyesters – Terylene – Bakelite, Melamine, Formaldehyde Polymer – Copolymerisation – Rubber - Natural Rubber - Vulcanization of Rubber - Synthetic Rubbers - Preparation of Neoprene and Buna-n

8.2 Types of Polymerization Reactions - Addition Polymerization or Chain Growth Polymerization - Ionic Polymerization, Free Radical Mechanism - Preparation of Addition Polymers – Polythene, Teflon and Polyacrylonitrile - Condensation Polymerization or Step Growth Polymerization – Poly amides - Preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6 – Polyesters – Terylene – Bakelite, Melamine, Formaldehyde Polymer – Copolymerisation – Rubber - Natural Rubber - Vulcanization of Rubber - Synthetic Rubbers - Preparation of Neoprene and Buna-n

8.2 Types of Polymerization Reactions - Addition Polymerization or Chain Growth Polymerization - Ionic Polymerization, Free Radical Mechanism - Preparation of Addition Polymers – Polythene, Teflon and Polyacrylonitrile - Condensation Polymerization or Step Growth Polymerization – Poly amides - Preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6 – Polyesters – Terylene – Bakelite, Melamine, Formaldehyde Polymer – Copolymerisation – Rubber - Natural Rubber - Vulcanization of Rubber - Synthetic Rubbers - Preparation of Neoprene and Buna-n

8.2 Types of Polymerization Reactions - Addition Polymerization or Chain Growth Polymerization - Ionic Polymerization, Free Radical Mechanism - Preparation of Addition Polymers – Polythene, Teflon and Polyacrylonitrile - Condensation Polymerization or Step Growth Polymerization – Poly amides - Preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6 – Polyesters – Terylene – Bakelite, Melamine, Formaldehyde Polymer – Copolymerisation – Rubber - Natural Rubber - Vulcanization of Rubber - Synthetic Rubbers - Preparation of Neoprene and Buna-n

8.2 Types of Polymerization Reactions - Addition Polymerization or Chain Growth Polymerization - Ionic Polymerization, Free Radical Mechanism - Preparation of Addition Polymers – Polythene, Teflon and Polyacrylonitrile - Condensation Polymerization or Step Growth Polymerization – Poly amides - Preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6 – Polyesters – Terylene – Bakelite, Melamine, Formaldehyde Polymer – Copolymerisation – Rubber - Natural Rubber - Vulcanization of Rubber - Synthetic Rubbers - Preparation of Neoprene and Buna-n

8.3 Molecular Mass of Polymers - Number Average and Weight Average Molecular Masses - Poly Dispersity Index(PDI)

8.3 Molecular Mass of Polymers - Number Average and Weight Average Molecular Masses - Poly Dispersity Index(PDI)

8.3 Molecular Mass of Polymers - Number Average and Weight Average Molecular Masses - Poly Dispersity Index(PDI)

8.4 Biodegradable Polymers - PHBV, Nylon 2 - Nylon 6 8.5, Polymers of Commercial Importance - Polypropylene, Polystyrene, Polyvinyl Chloride(PVC) , Urea - Formaldehyde Resin, Glyptal, Bakelite - Their Monomers, Structures and Uses

8.4 Biodegradable Polymers - PHBV, Nylon 2 - Nylon 6 8.5, Polymers of Commercial Importance - Polypropylene, Polystyrene, Polyvinyl Chloride(PVC) , Urea - Formaldehyde Resin, Glyptal, Bakelite - Their Monomers, Structures and Uses

8.4 Biodegradable Polymers - PHBV, Nylon 2 - Nylon 6 8.5, Polymers of Commercial Importance - Polypropylene, Polystyrene, Polyvinyl Chloride(PVC) , Urea - Formaldehyde Resin, Glyptal, Bakelite - Their Monomers, Structures and Uses

8.4 Biodegradable Polymers - PHBV, Nylon 2 - Nylon 6 8.5, Polymers of Commercial Importance - Polypropylene, Polystyrene, Polyvinyl Chloride(PVC) , Urea - Formaldehyde Resin, Glyptal, Bakelite - Their Monomers, Structures and Uses

9 - Biomolecules

9.1 Carbohydrates - Classification of Carbohydrates -Monosaccharides: Preparation of Glucose from Sucrose and Starch - Properties and Structure of Glucose - D,L and (+), (-), Configurations of Glucose - Structure of Fructose, Di Saccharides: Sucrose- Preparation, Structure - Invert Sugar - Structures of Maltose and Lactose - Polysaccharides: Structures of Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen - Importance of Carbohydrates

9.1 Carbohydrates - Classification of Carbohydrates -Monosaccharides: Preparation of Glucose from Sucrose and Starch - Properties and Structure of Glucose - D,L and (+), (-), Configurations of Glucose - Structure of Fructose, Di Saccharides: Sucrose- Preparation, Structure - Invert Sugar - Structures of Maltose and Lactose - Polysaccharides: Structures of Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen - Importance of Carbohydrates

9.1 Carbohydrates - Classification of Carbohydrates -Monosaccharides: Preparation of Glucose from Sucrose and Starch - Properties and Structure of Glucose - D,L and (+), (-), Configurations of Glucose - Structure of Fructose, Di Saccharides: Sucrose- Preparation, Structure - Invert Sugar - Structures of Maltose and Lactose - Polysaccharides: Structures of Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen - Importance of Carbohydrates

9.1 Carbohydrates - Classification of Carbohydrates -Monosaccharides: Preparation of Glucose from Sucrose and Starch - Properties and Structure of Glucose - D,L and (+), (-), Configurations of Glucose - Structure of Fructose, Di Saccharides: Sucrose- Preparation, Structure - Invert Sugar - Structures of Maltose and Lactose - Polysaccharides: Structures of Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen - Importance of Carbohydrates

9.1 Carbohydrates - Classification of Carbohydrates -Monosaccharides: Preparation of Glucose from Sucrose and Starch - Properties and Structure of Glucose - D,L and (+), (-), Configurations of Glucose - Structure of Fructose, Di Saccharides: Sucrose- Preparation, Structure - Invert Sugar - Structures of Maltose and Lactose - Polysaccharides: Structures of Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen - Importance of Carbohydrates

9.1 Carbohydrates - Classification of Carbohydrates -Monosaccharides: Preparation of Glucose from Sucrose and Starch - Properties and Structure of Glucose - D,L and (+), (-), Configurations of Glucose - Structure of Fructose, Di Saccharides: Sucrose- Preparation, Structure - Invert Sugar - Structures of Maltose and Lactose - Polysaccharides: Structures of Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen - Importance of Carbohydrates

9.1 Carbohydrates - Classification of Carbohydrates -Monosaccharides: Preparation of Glucose from Sucrose and Starch - Properties and Structure of Glucose - D,L and (+), (-), Configurations of Glucose - Structure of Fructose, Di Saccharides: Sucrose- Preparation, Structure - Invert Sugar - Structures of Maltose and Lactose - Polysaccharides: Structures of Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen - Importance of Carbohydrates

9.1 Carbohydrates - Classification of Carbohydrates -Monosaccharides: Preparation of Glucose from Sucrose and Starch - Properties and Structure of Glucose - D,L and (+), (-), Configurations of Glucose - Structure of Fructose, Di Saccharides: Sucrose- Preparation, Structure - Invert Sugar - Structures of Maltose and Lactose - Polysaccharides: Structures of Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen - Importance of Carbohydrates

9.2 Amino Acids: Natural Amino Acids - Classification of Amino Acids - Structures and D and L forms - Zwitter Ions, Proteins : Structures, Classification, Fibrous and Globular - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary, Structures of Proteins- Denaturation of Proteins

9.2 Amino Acids: Natural Amino Acids - Classification of Amino Acids - Structures and D and L forms - Zwitter Ions, Proteins : Structures, Classification, Fibrous and Globular - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary, Structures of Proteins- Denaturation of Proteins

9.2 Amino Acids: Natural Amino Acids - Classification of Amino Acids - Structures and D and L forms - Zwitter Ions, Proteins : Structures, Classification, Fibrous and Globular - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary, Structures of Proteins- Denaturation of Proteins

9.2 Amino Acids: Natural Amino Acids - Classification of Amino Acids - Structures and D and L forms - Zwitter Ions, Proteins : Structures, Classification, Fibrous and Globular - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary, Structures of Proteins- Denaturation of Proteins

9.2 Amino Acids: Natural Amino Acids - Classification of Amino Acids - Structures and D and L forms - Zwitter Ions, Proteins : Structures, Classification, Fibrous and Globular - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary, Structures of Proteins- Denaturation of Proteins

9.2 Amino Acids: Natural Amino Acids - Classification of Amino Acids - Structures and D and L forms - Zwitter Ions, Proteins : Structures, Classification, Fibrous and Globular - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary, Structures of Proteins- Denaturation of Proteins

9.2 Amino Acids: Natural Amino Acids - Classification of Amino Acids - Structures and D and L forms - Zwitter Ions, Proteins : Structures, Classification, Fibrous and Globular - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary, Structures of Proteins- Denaturation of Proteins

9.2 Amino Acids: Natural Amino Acids - Classification of Amino Acids - Structures and D and L forms - Zwitter Ions, Proteins : Structures, Classification, Fibrous and Globular - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary, Structures of Proteins- Denaturation of Proteins

9.2 Amino Acids: Natural Amino Acids - Classification of Amino Acids - Structures and D and L forms - Zwitter Ions, Proteins : Structures, Classification, Fibrous and Globular - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary, Structures of Proteins- Denaturation of Proteins

9.2 Amino Acids: Natural Amino Acids - Classification of Amino Acids - Structures and D and L forms - Zwitter Ions, Proteins : Structures, Classification, Fibrous and Globular - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary, Structures of Proteins- Denaturation of Proteins

9.2 Amino Acids: Natural Amino Acids - Classification of Amino Acids - Structures and D and L forms - Zwitter Ions, Proteins : Structures, Classification, Fibrous and Globular - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary, Structures of Proteins- Denaturation of Proteins

9.3 Enzymes: Enzymes, Mechanism of Enzyme Action

9.4 Vitamins: Explanation - Names- Classification of Vitamins – Sources of Vitamins- Deficiency Diseases of Different Types of Vitamins

9.4 Vitamins: Explanation - Names- Classification of Vitamins – Sources of Vitamins- Deficiency Diseases of Different Types of Vitamins

9.4 Vitamins: Explanation - Names- Classification of Vitamins – Sources of Vitamins- Deficiency Diseases of Different Types of Vitamins

9.4 Vitamins: Explanation - Names- Classification of Vitamins – Sources of Vitamins- Deficiency Diseases of Different Types of Vitamins

9.4 Vitamins: Explanation - Names- Classification of Vitamins – Sources of Vitamins- Deficiency Diseases of Different Types of Vitamins

9.5. Nucleic Acids: Chemical Composition of Nucleic acids, Structures of Nucleic Acids, DNA Finger Printing, Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids

9.5. Nucleic Acids: Chemical Composition of Nucleic acids, Structures of Nucleic Acids, DNA Finger Printing, Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids

9.5. Nucleic Acids: Chemical Composition of Nucleic acids, Structures of Nucleic Acids, DNA Finger Printing, Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids

9.5. Nucleic Acids: Chemical Composition of Nucleic acids, Structures of Nucleic Acids, DNA Finger Printing, Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids

9.5. Nucleic Acids: Chemical Composition of Nucleic acids, Structures of Nucleic Acids, DNA Finger Printing, Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids

9.6 Hormones: Definition, Different Types of Hormones, Their Production, Biological Activity, Diseases due to their Abnormal Activities

9.6 Hormones: Definition, Different Types of Hormones, Their Production, Biological Activity, Diseases due to their Abnormal Activities

9.6 Hormones: Definition, Different Types of Hormones, Their Production, Biological Activity, Diseases due to their Abnormal Activities

9.6 Hormones: Definition, Different Types of Hormones, Their Production, Biological Activity, Diseases due to their Abnormal Activities

10 - Chemistry in Every Day Life

10.0. Introduction

10.1 Drugs and their Classification: (a) Classification of Drugs on the basis of Pharmacological Effect (b) Classification of Drugs on the basis of Drug Action (c) Classification of Drugs on the basis of Chemical Structure (d) Classification of Drugs on the basis of Molecular Targets

10.2 Drug-Target Interaction- Enzymes as Drug Targets (a) Catalytic action of Enzymes (b) Drug-Enzyme Interaction Receptors as Drug Targets

10.2 Drug-Target Interaction- Enzymes as Drug Targets (a) Catalytic action of Enzymes (b) Drug-Enzyme Interaction Receptors as Drug Targets

10.2 Drug-Target Interaction- Enzymes as Drug Targets (a) Catalytic action of Enzymes (b) Drug-Enzyme Interaction Receptors as Drug Targets

10.3 Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs: Antacids, Antihistamines, Neurologically Active Drugs: Tranquilizers, analgesics– Non-Narcotic, Narcotic Analgesics, Antimicrobials – Antibiotics, Antiseptics and Disinfectants- Anti Fertility Drugs

10.3 Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs: Antacids, Antihistamines, Neurologically Active Drugs: Tranquilizers, analgesics– Non-Narcotic, Narcotic Analgesics, Antimicrobials – Antibiotics, Antiseptics and Disinfectants- Anti Fertility Drugs

10.3 Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs: Antacids, Antihistamines, Neurologically Active Drugs: Tranquilizers, analgesics– Non-Narcotic, Narcotic Analgesics, Antimicrobials – Antibiotics, Antiseptics and Disinfectants- Anti Fertility Drugs

10.3 Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs: Antacids, Antihistamines, Neurologically Active Drugs: Tranquilizers, analgesics– Non-Narcotic, Narcotic Analgesics, Antimicrobials – Antibiotics, Antiseptics and Disinfectants- Anti Fertility Drugs

10.3 Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs: Antacids, Antihistamines, Neurologically Active Drugs: Tranquilizers, analgesics– Non-Narcotic, Narcotic Analgesics, Antimicrobials – Antibiotics, Antiseptics and Disinfectants- Anti Fertility Drugs

10.3 Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs: Antacids, Antihistamines, Neurologically Active Drugs: Tranquilizers, analgesics– Non-Narcotic, Narcotic Analgesics, Antimicrobials – Antibiotics, Antiseptics and Disinfectants- Anti Fertility Drugs

10.3 Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs: Antacids, Antihistamines, Neurologically Active Drugs: Tranquilizers, analgesics– Non-Narcotic, Narcotic Analgesics, Antimicrobials – Antibiotics, Antiseptics and Disinfectants- Anti Fertility Drugs

10.4 Chemicals in Food- Artificial Sweetening Agents, Food Preservatives, antioxidants in Food

10.4 Chemicals in Food- Artificial Sweetening Agents, Food Preservatives, antioxidants in Food

10.4 Chemicals in Food- Artificial Sweetening Agents, Food Preservatives, antioxidants in Food

10.5 Cleansing Agents- Soaps and Synthetic Detergents

11 - Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

11.0. Introduction

11.1 Classification and Nomenclature

11.2 Nature of C-X Bond

11.3.Methods of Preparation : Alkyl Halides and Aryl Halides- from Alcohols, from Hydrocarbons (a) By Free Radical Halogenations – (b) By Electrophilic Substitution (c) By replacement of Diazonium Group (Sand-Meyer Reaction) (d) By the Addition of Hydrogen Halides and Halogens to Alkenes - By Halogen Exchange (Finkelstein reaction)

11.3.Methods of Preparation : Alkyl Halides and Aryl Halides- from Alcohols, from Hydrocarbons (a) By Free Radical Halogenations – (b) By Electrophilic Substitution (c) By replacement of Diazonium Group (Sand-Meyer Reaction) (d) By the Addition of Hydrogen Halides and Halogens to Alkenes - By Halogen Exchange (Finkelstein reaction)

11.3.Methods of Preparation : Alkyl Halides and Aryl Halides- from Alcohols, from Hydrocarbons (a) By Free Radical Halogenations – (b) By Electrophilic Substitution (c) By replacement of Diazonium Group (Sand-Meyer Reaction) (d) By the Addition of Hydrogen Halides and Halogens to Alkenes - By Halogen Exchange (Finkelstein reaction)

11.3.Methods of Preparation : Alkyl Halides and Aryl Halides- from Alcohols, from Hydrocarbons (a) By Free Radical Halogenations – (b) By Electrophilic Substitution (c) By replacement of Diazonium Group (Sand-Meyer Reaction) (d) By the Addition of Hydrogen Halides and Halogens to Alkenes - By Halogen Exchange (Finkelstein reaction)

11.3.Methods of Preparation : Alkyl Halides and Aryl Halides- from Alcohols, from Hydrocarbons (a) By Free Radical Halogenations – (b) By Electrophilic Substitution (c) By replacement of Diazonium Group (Sand-Meyer Reaction) (d) By the Addition of Hydrogen Halides and Halogens to Alkenes - By Halogen Exchange (Finkelstein reaction)

11.3.Methods of Preparation : Alkyl Halides and Aryl Halides- from Alcohols, from Hydrocarbons (a) By Free Radical Halogenations – (b) By Electrophilic Substitution (c) By replacement of Diazonium Group (Sand-Meyer Reaction) (d) By the Addition of Hydrogen Halides and Halogens to Alkenes - By Halogen Exchange (Finkelstein reaction)

11.3.Methods of Preparation : Alkyl Halides and Aryl Halides- from Alcohols, from Hydrocarbons (a) By Free Radical Halogenations – (b) By Electrophilic Substitution (c) By replacement of Diazonium Group (Sand-Meyer Reaction) (d) By the Addition of Hydrogen Halides and Halogens to Alkenes - By Halogen Exchange (Finkelstein reaction)

11.3.Methods of Preparation : Alkyl Halides and Aryl Halides- from Alcohols, from Hydrocarbons (a) By Free Radical Halogenations – (b) By Electrophilic Substitution (c) By replacement of Diazonium Group (Sand-Meyer Reaction) (d) By the Addition of Hydrogen Halides and Halogens to Alkenes - By Halogen Exchange (Finkelstein reaction)

11.4 Physical Properties- Melting and Boiling Points, Density and Solubility

11.4 Physical Properties- Melting and Boiling Points, Density and Solubility

11.5 Chemical Reactions : Reactions of Haloalkanes

(I) Nucleophilic Substitution reactions (a) SN² Mechanism (b) SN¹ Mechanism © Stereochemical Aspects of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions - Optical Activity

(I) Nucleophilic Substitution reactions (a) SN² Mechanism (b) SN¹ Mechanism © Stereochemical Aspects of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions - Optical Activity

(I) Nucleophilic Substitution reactions (a) SN² Mechanism (b) SN¹ Mechanism © Stereochemical Aspects of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions - Optical Activity

(ii) Elimination Reactions

(iii) Reaction with metals- Reactions of Haloarenes: (i) Nucleophilic substitution (ii) Electrophilic substitution and (iii) Reaction with metals

(iii) Reaction with metals- Reactions of Haloarenes: (i) Nucleophilic substitution (ii) Electrophilic substitution and (iii) Reaction with metals

(iii) Reaction with metals- Reactions of Haloarenes: (i) Nucleophilic substitution (ii) Electrophilic substitution and (iii) Reaction with metals

(iii) Reaction with metals- Reactions of Haloarenes: (i) Nucleophilic substitution (ii) Electrophilic substitution and (iii) Reaction with metals

11.6 Polyhalogen Compounds: Uses and Environmental Effects of Dichloromethane, Richloromethane, Triiodomethane, Tetrachloro Methane, Freons and DDT

11.6 Polyhalogen Compounds: Uses and Environmental Effects of Dichloromethane, Richloromethane, Triiodomethane, Tetrachloro Methane, Freons and DDT

11.6 Polyhalogen Compounds: Uses and Environmental Effects of Dichloromethane, Richloromethane, Triiodomethane, Tetrachloro Methane, Freons and DDT

12 - Organic Compounds Containing C, H and O

12.0.Introduction

12.1 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers – Classification

12.2 Nomenclature: (a) Alcohols, (b) Phenols and Ethers

12.3 Structures of Hydroxy and Ether Functional Groups

12.4 Methods of Preparation: Alcohols from Alkenes and Carbonyl Compounds- Phenols from Haloarenes, Benzene Sulphonic Acid, Diazonium Salts, Cumene

12.4 Methods of Preparation: Alcohols from Alkenes and Carbonyl Compounds- Phenols from Haloarenes, Benzene Sulphonic Acid, Diazonium Salts, Cumene

12.4 Methods of Preparation: Alcohols from Alkenes and Carbonyl Compounds- Phenols from Haloarenes, Benzene Sulphonic Acid, Diazonium Salts, Cumene

12.4 Methods of Preparation: Alcohols from Alkenes and Carbonyl Compounds- Phenols from Haloarenes, Benzene Sulphonic Acid, Diazonium Salts, Cumene

12.4 Methods of Preparation: Alcohols from Alkenes and Carbonyl Compounds- Phenols from Haloarenes, Benzene Sulphonic Acid, Diazonium Salts, Cumene

12.5 Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation

12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation

12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation

12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation

12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation

12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation

12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation

12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation

12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation

12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation

12.6 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols (i) Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond- Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols, Esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O Bond- Reactions with HX, PX3, Dehydration and Oxidation (iii) Reactions of Phenols- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Kolbe’s Reaction, Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Reaction with Zinc Dust, Oxidation

12.7 Commercially Important Alcohols (Methanol, Ethanol)

12.8 Ethers– Methods of Preparation: By Dehydration of Alcohols, Williamson Synthesis- Physical Properties - Chemical Reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and Electrophilic Substitution of Aromatic Ethers

12.8 Ethers– Methods of Preparation: By Dehydration of Alcohols, Williamson Synthesis- Physical Properties - Chemical Reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and Electrophilic Substitution of Aromatic Ethers

12.8 Ethers– Methods of Preparation: By Dehydration of Alcohols, Williamson Synthesis- Physical Properties - Chemical Reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and Electrophilic Substitution of Aromatic Ethers

12.8 Ethers– Methods of Preparation: By Dehydration of Alcohols, Williamson Synthesis- Physical Properties - Chemical Reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and Electrophilic Substitution of Aromatic Ethers

12.8 Ethers– Methods of Preparation: By Dehydration of Alcohols, Williamson Synthesis- Physical Properties - Chemical Reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and Electrophilic Substitution of Aromatic Ethers

ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

12.9 Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group

12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes

12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes

12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes

12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes

12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes

12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes

12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes

12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes

12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes

12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes

12.10 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones-(1) by Oxidation of Alcohols (2) by Dehydrogenation of Alcohols (3) from Hydrocarbons –Preparation of Aldehydes (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2) from Nitriles and Esters (3) from Hydrocarbons- Preparation of Ketones (1) from Acyl Chlorides (2)from Nitriles (3) from Benzene or Substituted Benzenes

12.11 Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

12.12 Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Nucleophilic Addition, Reduction, Oxidation, Reactions due to - Hydrogen and Other Reactions (Cannizzaro Reaction, Electrophilic Substitution Reaction)

12.12 Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Nucleophilic Addition, Reduction, Oxidation, Reactions due to - Hydrogen and Other Reactions (Cannizzaro Reaction, Electrophilic Substitution Reaction)

12.12 Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Nucleophilic Addition, Reduction, Oxidation, Reactions due to - Hydrogen and Other Reactions (Cannizzaro Reaction, Electrophilic Substitution Reaction)

12.12 Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Nucleophilic Addition, Reduction, Oxidation, Reactions due to - Hydrogen and Other Reactions (Cannizzaro Reaction, Electrophilic Substitution Reaction)

12.12 Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Nucleophilic Addition, Reduction, Oxidation, Reactions due to - Hydrogen and Other Reactions (Cannizzaro Reaction, Electrophilic Substitution Reaction)

12.12 Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Nucleophilic Addition, Reduction, Oxidation, Reactions due to - Hydrogen and Other Reactions (Cannizzaro Reaction, Electrophilic Substitution Reaction)

12.13 Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

12.14 Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group

12.15 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids- (1)from Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes (2) from Alkyl Benzenes (3)from Nitriles and Amides (4) from Grignard Reagents (5) from Acyl Halides and Anhydrides (6) from Esters

12.15 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids- (1)from Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes (2) from Alkyl Benzenes (3)from Nitriles and Amides (4) from Grignard Reagents (5) from Acyl Halides and Anhydrides (6) from Esters

12.15 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids- (1)from Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes (2) from Alkyl Benzenes (3)from Nitriles and Amides (4) from Grignard Reagents (5) from Acyl Halides and Anhydrides (6) from Esters

12.15 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids- (1)from Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes (2) from Alkyl Benzenes (3)from Nitriles and Amides (4) from Grignard Reagents (5) from Acyl Halides and Anhydrides (6) from Esters

12.15 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids- (1)from Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes (2) from Alkyl Benzenes (3)from Nitriles and Amides (4) from Grignard Reagents (5) from Acyl Halides and Anhydrides (6) from Esters

12.15 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids- (1)from Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes (2) from Alkyl Benzenes (3)from Nitriles and Amides (4) from Grignard Reagents (5) from Acyl Halides and Anhydrides (6) from Esters

12.15 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids- (1)from Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes (2) from Alkyl Benzenes (3)from Nitriles and Amides (4) from Grignard Reagents (5) from Acyl Halides and Anhydrides (6) from Esters

12.15 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids- (1)from Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes (2) from Alkyl Benzenes (3)from Nitriles and Amides (4) from Grignard Reagents (5) from Acyl Halides and Anhydrides (6) from Esters

12.15 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids- (1)from Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes (2) from Alkyl Benzenes (3)from Nitriles and Amides (4) from Grignard Reagents (5) from Acyl Halides and Anhydrides (6) from Esters

12.16 Physical Properties

12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution

12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution

12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution

12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution

12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution

12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution

12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution

12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution

12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution

12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution

12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution

12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution

12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution

12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution

12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution

12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution

12.17 Chemical Reactions: (i) Reactions involving Cleavage of O-H bond - Acidity, Reactions with Metals and Alkalies (ii) Reactions involving Cleavage of C-OH bond - Formation of Anhydride, Reactions with PCl 5, PCl 3, SOCl 2, Esterification and Reaction with Ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group - Reduction, Decarboxylation (iv) Substitution Reactions in the hydrocarbon Part – Halogenation and Ring Substitution

12.18 Uses of Carboxylic Acids

13. Organic Compounds Containing Nirogen Amines

13.0. Introduction

13.1 Structure of Amines

13.2 Classification

13.3 Nomenclature

13.4 Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Nitro Compounds, Ammonolysis of Alkyl Halides, Reduction of Nitriles, Reduction of Amides, Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis and Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation Reaction

13.4 Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Nitro Compounds, Ammonolysis of Alkyl Halides, Reduction of Nitriles, Reduction of Amides, Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis and Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation Reaction

13.4 Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Nitro Compounds, Ammonolysis of Alkyl Halides, Reduction of Nitriles, Reduction of Amides, Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis and Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation Reaction

13.4 Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Nitro Compounds, Ammonolysis of Alkyl Halides, Reduction of Nitriles, Reduction of Amides, Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis and Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation Reaction

13.4 Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Nitro Compounds, Ammonolysis of Alkyl Halides, Reduction of Nitriles, Reduction of Amides, Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis and Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation Reaction

13.4 Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Nitro Compounds, Ammonolysis of Alkyl Halides, Reduction of Nitriles, Reduction of Amides, Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis and Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation Reaction

13.5 Physical Properties

13.6 Chemical Reactions: Basic Character of Amines, Alkylation, Acylation, Carbylamine Reaction, Reaction with Nitrous Acid, Reaction with Aryl sulphonyl Chloride, Eelectrophilic Substitution of aromatic Amines - Bromination, Nitration and Sulphonation

13.6 Chemical Reactions: Basic Character of Amines, Alkylation, Acylation, Carbylamine Reaction, Reaction with Nitrous Acid, Reaction with Aryl sulphonyl Chloride, Eelectrophilic Substitution of aromatic Amines - Bromination, Nitration and Sulphonation

13.6 Chemical Reactions: Basic Character of Amines, Alkylation, Acylation, Carbylamine Reaction, Reaction with Nitrous Acid, Reaction with Aryl sulphonyl Chloride, Eelectrophilic Substitution of aromatic Amines - Bromination, Nitration and Sulphonation

13.6 Chemical Reactions: Basic Character of Amines, Alkylation, Acylation, Carbylamine Reaction, Reaction with Nitrous Acid, Reaction with Aryl sulphonyl Chloride, Eelectrophilic Substitution of aromatic Amines - Bromination, Nitration and Sulphonation

13.6 Chemical Reactions: Basic Character of Amines, Alkylation, Acylation, Carbylamine Reaction, Reaction with Nitrous Acid, Reaction with Aryl sulphonyl Chloride, Eelectrophilic Substitution of aromatic Amines - Bromination, Nitration and Sulphonation

13.6 Chemical Reactions: Basic Character of Amines, Alkylation, Acylation, Carbylamine Reaction, Reaction with Nitrous Acid, Reaction with Aryl sulphonyl Chloride, Eelectrophilic Substitution of aromatic Amines - Bromination, Nitration and Sulphonation

13.6 Chemical Reactions: Basic Character of Amines, Alkylation, Acylation, Carbylamine Reaction, Reaction with Nitrous Acid, Reaction with Aryl sulphonyl Chloride, Eelectrophilic Substitution of aromatic Amines - Bromination, Nitration and Sulphonation

13.6 Chemical Reactions: Basic Character of Amines, Alkylation, Acylation, Carbylamine Reaction, Reaction with Nitrous Acid, Reaction with Aryl sulphonyl Chloride, Eelectrophilic Substitution of aromatic Amines - Bromination, Nitration and Sulphonation

13.6 Chemical Reactions: Basic Character of Amines, Alkylation, Acylation, Carbylamine Reaction, Reaction with Nitrous Acid, Reaction with Aryl sulphonyl Chloride, Eelectrophilic Substitution of aromatic Amines - Bromination, Nitration and Sulphonation

13.6 Chemical Reactions: Basic Character of Amines, Alkylation, Acylation, Carbylamine Reaction, Reaction with Nitrous Acid, Reaction with Aryl sulphonyl Chloride, Eelectrophilic Substitution of aromatic Amines - Bromination, Nitration and Sulphonation

II. DIAZONIUM SALTS

13.7 Methods of Preparation of Diazonium Salts (by Diazotization)

13.8 Physical Properties

13.9 Chemical Reactions: Reactions involving Displacement of Nitrogen, Reactions involving Retention of Diazo Group\

III. CYANIDES AND ISOCYANIDES

13.11 Structure and Nomenclature of Cyanides and Isocyanides

13.12 Preparation, Physical Properties and Chemical Reactions of Cyanides and Isocyanides

13.12 Preparation, Physical Properties and Chemical Reactions of Cyanides and Isocyanides